نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Human civilization has always evolved throughout history with direct access to water resources. Water plays an important role in economic and social developments with its quantitative and qualitative effects. Water has been the axis of sustainable development, which in nature, like energy, is neither created nor destroyed, but transforms from one form to another. One of the problems of the contemporary century that threatens the future of human life is the problem of water shortage. The water crisis is one of the challenges facing the world today. Due to the development of cities and increasing per capita water consumption, a large volume of wastewater is produced. Proper use of this huge water source in non-potable urban uses, in addition to preserving drinking water resources, also prevents environmental pollution. Reuse of treated wastewater for various uses in accordance with environmental standards as a sustainable solution to optimize the management of water consumption in the country is important. The present study is a review study whose data has been obtained through library studies. The purpose of this study is to present and discuss in relation to the sources and types of non-potable urban uses, distribution line guidelines, water quality parameters and the rate of treatment required for wastewater reuse to non-potable urban uses, as well as sociocultural aspects of wastewater reuse. Finally, it must be acknowledged that Iran, as one of the Middle Eastern countries, has experienced a shortage of renewable water resources and is approaching the brink of a water crisis. Therefore, proper management of water resources, optimal use of renewable resources, observance of consumption pattern, use of unconventional water and effluent from wastewater treatment for non-urban drinking purposes, including, irrigation of green space, flash tank toilets, ventilation construction Air conditioning, and firefighting is essential.

Today, health tourism is one of the leading industries in urban development that has been able to create positive changes in cities. Color tourism or color therapy is one of the new types of health tourism that improves the mental health of citizens and tourists. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to plan the development of health tourism of color therapy in order to develop the city of Germi. The present research is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose and its statistical population consists of experts from Germi city. They were researched, selected and questioned. Strategic management models (SOAR and QFD) have also been used to analyze the obtained data. The results of the Swarm matrix indicate that 7 strengths and 5 opportunities for color tourism or color therapy in the city of Germi have been identified, in which 3 ideals are aligned and 6 results are formulated. In addition, 6 strategies have been developed to achieve these results and ideals. Finally, prioritizing strategies using the quality house model showed that the strategy of "using regional investors to develop color / color therapy tourism" is the most important strategy for developing color / color therapy tourism in the city of Germi. In addition to this strategy, there are strategies of "using public participation in the development of color / color therapy tourism and using the serious determination of regional and national officials to develop color / color therapy tourism." Financial resources, which happened to be all three of the basic needs of this research, are the most important factors in the development of color tourism or color therapy in the city of Germi.

Potato is an important vegetable that grows all over the world and is considered an important product in developing and developed countries for the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and its origin is from Peru, and after wheat, rice and corn, it is the fourth product in the food basket of human societies. According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under cultivation of this crop in Iran in 2017 was 161 thousand hectares and the crop harvested from this area is about 5.1 million tons. As expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards increase, it is necessary to determine their characteristics accurately, quickly, and purposefully. In the potato crop, quality evaluation, after harvest and isolation, is very important to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because the potato, like many other crops, has the non-uniform quality and care during the harvest stage. While the quality of raw potatoes is primarily determined by the size, shape, color, and attractiveness of the tuber, the quality of potatoes is generally determined by examining the quality of the final product. The quality of processed products is examined in terms of color, flavor, and texture. The quality of most processed products stems from the quality of raw potatoes. Uniformity in size, shape, and composition is essential for optimal quality. During storage, processing, or cooking, potatoes are exposed to a variety of phenomena that affect the final quality of the product. For consumers, the main quality characteristics of potatoes are color, size, and texture. However, quality assessment for industrial potato processing includes various parameters such as dry matter content, starch content and characteristics, shelf life after storage (storage), and after processing. The type of cultivar, physical and chemical composition, and post-harvest storage are important factors that can affect the cooking characteristics of potatoes and potato crops. Quality assessment of agricultural products includes two main methods, quality rating systems based on the apparent properties of agricultural products and quality rating systems based on internal quality assessment, which has gained prominence in recent years. In the meantime, several methods have been developed so far for non-destructive quality classification of agricultural products based on the evaluation of their internal properties, only some of which have been able to meet the above conditions and are technically and industrially justified. To be. In the meantime, spectroscopy can have high efficiency in determining the quality of figures. Spectroscopy is a system that has a different structure and approach from other methods (image processing, neural network, etc.) and can classify and determine the quality of the digit.

First, 3 different potato cultivars were prepared from Ardabil Agricultural Research Center. After preparing the data, data were collected to determine the amount of sugar (SSC) and at the same time, the samples were tested with a spectrometer to determine the wavelengths of the samples. The glucose level of each sample was measured in 18 replications using an SBR-62T ocular refractometer. To do this, the water of the samples was placed on a refractometer at ambient temperature and its sugar level was read in terms of Brix. A PS-100 spectroradiometer (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) made in the USA was used to obtain the spectrum of the samples. This ultra-small, lightweight, portable spectrophotometer has a 1nm sprayer-type single-diffuser and a linear silicon CCD array detector with 2048 pixels, which has a range of 250-150 nm (Vis / NIR) cover. There is also the ability to connect fiber optics to the PS-100 spectroradiometer and transfer data to a computer for the purpose of displaying and storing the acquired spectra in the Spectra Wiz software via the USB port. The data obtained from spectral imaging may be affected by the scattering of light by the detector by changing the sample, changing the sample size, surface roughness in the sample, noise caused by the temperature of the device and many other factors, and unwanted information Affect the accuracy of calibration models. Therefore, data processing is required to achieve stable, accurate, and reliable calibration models. The application of non-destructive methods based on spectroscopy in the full range of wavelengths requires a lot of time and money, which makes the practical application of this method almost impossible; therefore, one should look for a way to find the optimal wavelengths and limit the wavelengths to the minimum possible. The partial least squares (PLS) regression method seems ideal in this regard. In this study, in order to build the models, the data were randomly divided into two parts: 80% of the samples were used for cross-training and cross-validation and the rest of the data were used for independent validation.

Mean absorption spectra Vis / NIR absorption spectra for different treatments in the range of 1000-500 nm are shown in Figure 1. Environmental factors (light and heat) as well as the quality of spectrometer expression cause perturbations in the initial and final wavelengths of the spectra, so part of these wavelengths are removed from the data set and as shown in Figure 1, the samples had a roughly similar pattern; This may be due to the color of the samples. According to Figure 1, there are two well-defined peaks for the spectra, and it appears that for the Colombo and Sante cultivars the peaks appeared at around 480 and 1000 nm and for the Milwa cultivar at around 540 and 950 nm. Figure 1 also shows that the absorption rate of the Milwa cultivar is higher than the other two cultivars, which can be due to differences in the number of different substances such as sugar or SSC. Based on the analysis (PCA) results presented in Figure 2, the first principal component (PC-1) describes 67% and the second principal component (PC-3) describes 27% of the variance of the samples tested. As a result, the first two principal components together represent 94% of the data. Due to the fact that the relationship between the properties of different samples during the tests, for various reasons such as technical problems of equipment, data collection, incorrect sampling, etc. in some samples is inappropriate or to correct. To be out. The values of R2 and RMSE for the calibration and validation sets of different regression models (PLS) with raw and processed data are presented in Figure 3, which is equal to 1.

Today, industrial units have become industrial complexes and towns and are expanding rapidly. In most of these areas, comprehensive and appropriate studies have not been conducted from the perspective of land use planning, therefore environmental parameters such as proper distance from aquifers or other water sources such as wells, springs and aqueducts and proper privacy have not been studied. Also, most of the wastewater of industrial will being injected directly into the ground through absorption wells without treatment, and consequently, it will pollute the groundwater sources. Therefore, knowing the status of groundwater vulnerability is one of the important principles in groundwater resource management. Vulnerability The possibility of groundwater pollution is a qualitative concept and cannot be measured and must be deduced from other information that can be measured. Various methods have been proposed for groundwater vulnerability. Overlap methods combine the parameters that control the movement of pollutants from the ground to the saturated area and determine an index called the vulnerability index in different parts of an area. One of the most widely used and well-known methods is the DRASTIC model overlap index (Rouhi et al., 2017). In Najafabad city, due to having an arid and semi-arid climate and providing most of the water needs from groundwater resources, attention to the vulnerability of groundwater resources is essential. On the other hand, in the study area, the presence of land uses such as Alavijeh city, Alavijeh industrial town and agricultural land use on the aquifer increases the probability of point and non-point source pollution entering the aquifer environment and its vulnerability. Therefore, in this study, the vulnerability of the aquifer was investigated using the correct model to be informed of its status, the necessary measures are taken.

 Scope of the study Alavijeh industrial town is located at km 70 of Isfahan-Alavijeh road and the closest residential area to this option is Alavijeh city, 2 km east of it (Figure 1). The existing Alavijeh industrial town with an area of 200 hectares, due to its location in Najafabad city, has greatly contributed to the economy of this city. DRASTIC model It is the numerical ranking model of the US Environmental Protection Agency and the American Water Wells Association to assess the strength of groundwater vulnerability. This model consists of seven measurable and effective hydrological characteristics in the transfer of pollution to groundwater, including groundwater depth, artificial recharge, aquifer, soil environment, slope, unsaturated zone constituents and electrical conductivity. These layers are provided in the GIS environment (Rahman et al., 2021). To determine the relative importance of each layer, according to the importance of the impact on the pollution of the groundwater system, a relative weight of 1-5 is considered. In this model, the ranks of each of the hydrological characteristics are assigned a rank based on their impact on vulnerability. At the end, seven prepared layers are stacked and the final layer of groundwater vulnerability is obtained.

 Assess the risk of aquifer vulnerability Alavijeh industrial town is located in the study area of Morchekhort and Zayandehrood grade 4 basin. The wells in the study area are of smallholder type and have been drilled mainly for agricultural purposes. Based on the analysis of groundwater level curves in the area, the maximum groundwater level is 2135 meters, which gradually decreases to the east of the groundwater level and reaches at least 1805 meters (average: 1971 meters). It is also the direction of groundwater flow in the region, from northwest to southeast. According to the Piscopo method, the artificial recharge index is ranked 3rd and 6th in the industrial town. The constituents of the aquifer environment have a score of 4 (sand particles with clay (50%) with conglomerate) and the unsaturated area has a score of 3 (sand, rubble and clay). Due to the granulation and characteristics of sediments between the surface and groundwater, the presence of fine-textured materials such as clay and loam reduces the ability to transfer contaminants from the soil surface to groundwater. Therefore, the probability of migration and transfer of pollutants in the area to groundwater has been moderate to low. On the other hand, due to the low slope of the area, the contact time of surface water and pollutants with the ground surface is increased and there is a greater chance of infiltration, which increases the vulnerability in the area. In general, the Drastic index is in the range of 23-230. In the study area, this index was obtained between 50-130.Aquifer vulnerability was divided into 2 zones of low and medium vulnerability. As shown in Figure 1, about 30% of Alavijeh industrial town is located on the aquifer and the western part of the industrial town has a higher potential forvulnerability than the eastern part. In the western part of the study area, the aquifer in the western part is more vulnerable due to the higher rank of aquifer nutrition and soil environment.Due to the establishment of metal, non-metallic and textile industries up to grade 5 in the industrial town, wastewater pollution caused by the activities of these industries, if environmental standards are not observed and discharged to absorption wells can cause severe groundwater pollution. It is noteworthy that the existing town has more than 80% of the units connected to the town's treatment plant system and 20% of the remaining units are not connected to the treatment plant system. These units have either pre-treated, purified and recycled water in the production process and a number of units are also used absorbing wells and not connected to the wastewater treatment system. However, it is necessary to require all units to connect to the industrial town treatment plant to prevent the transfer of contaminant load to groundwater sources. Another land use in the study area that can increase the vulnerability of the aquifer is the presence of the city of Alavijeh on the aquifer, which is located two kilometers from the industrial town of Alavijeh. Although the city is in a low vulnerability zone, it does not have a treatment plant and sewage is discharged to absorption wells. Also, the area around this city and the industrial town are covered with agricultural lands and gardens, and agricultural lands are located on the aquifer, which in case of excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, especially nitrate fertilizer, pollution of groundwater sources will occur.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world, containing a large amount of vitamins C and A, as well as minerals. Therefore, the consumption of about 60 to 80 g of pepper per day can provide 100 and 25% of the recommended daily amount of vitamin C and A, respectively. In addition, this horticultural product contains considerable levels of other health-promoting substances with antioxidant activity, including carotenoids, flavonoids, and other polyphenols.The quality of fresh pepper depends primarily on consumer acceptance, which is determined primarily by color, pungency, and aroma. Aroma plays an essential role in determining the sensory characteristics of these products. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generally associated with the taste and aroma of foods and are important factors in assessing consumer acceptance or rejection. Consequently, food quality, originality, purity, and origin can be evaluated by determining VOC.Because it is important to distinguish hot peppers from sweet ones, we used an electronic nose to determine food quality in this study. Research has shown that the electronic nose is able to discriminate between products.

The variety used in this study was Padrón, a very popular species in Spain. The peppers can be harvested when they reach a length of 2.5 to 4 cm. One fruit out of 20 has a spicy flavor, while the rest has a mild taste. The green fruits showed no signs of ripening or discoloration and remained completely green.The peppers weighed an average of 12 ± 2 g when fresh. The weights for the sweet and spicy varieties were determined by weighing 30 fruits each. The fruits to be examined were evaluated by electronic nose.In this research, an electronic nose made in the Department of Biosystem Engineering of Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. This device uses 9 low-power metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor sensors.The sample chamber was connected to the electronic nose and data collection was performed. The data collection was done by first passing clean air through the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to clear the sensors of odors and other gases. The sample odor was then sucked out of the sample chamber by the pump for 100 seconds and directed to the sensors, and finally fresh air was injected into the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to prepare the device for repetition and subsequent tests. 30 replicates were considered for each sample.The study began with the chemometrics method with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect the output response of the sensors and reduce the data dimension. In the next step, Quadratic detection analysis and Mahalanobis detection analysis (QDA and MDA) were used to classify 2 group of pepper. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the simplest multivariate methods and is known as an unsupervised technique for clustering data by groups. It is usually used to reduce the size of the data and the best results are obtained when the data are positively or negatively correlated with each other.Quadratic detection analysis and Mahalanobis detection analysis (QDA and MDA) are the most common monitored technique for separating samples into predetermined categories. This technique selects independent data variables to differentiate the sample that is to follow the normal distribution. The QDA and MDA are based on linear classification functions in which intergroup variance is maximized and intragroup variance is minimized.

Principal component analysis diagram shows the total variance of the data equal to PC-1 (90%) and PC-2 (6%), respectively, and the first two principal components constitute 96% of the total variance of the normalized data. When the total variance is above 90%, it means that the first two PCs are sufficient to explain the total variance of the data set. two group of pepper are well differentiated by PCA method. Therefore, it can be concluded that e-Nose has a good response to the smell of 2 group of pepper and they can be distinguished from each other, which shows the high accuracy of the electronic nose in detecting the smell of different products.The correlation loadings plot diagram can show the relationships between all variables. The loading diagram shows the relative role of the sensors for each principal component. The inner ellipse shows 50% and the outer ellipse shows 100% of the total variance of the data. The higher the loading coefficient of a sensor, the greater the role of that sensor in identifying and classifying. Therefore, the sensors located on the outer circle have a greater role in data classification and it is clear that the three sensors MQ4, MQ9 and TGS822 have played an important role in identifying 2 group of pepper.The correlation loadings plot diagram can show the relationships between all variables. The loading diagram shows the relative role of the sensors for each principal component. The inner ellipse shows 50% and the outer ellipse shows 100% of the total variance of the data. The higher the loading coefficient of a sensor, the greater the role of that sensor in identifying and classifying. Therefore, the sensors located on the outer circle have a greater role in data classification and it is clear that the three sensors MQ4, MQ9 and TGS822 have played an important role in identifying 2 group of pepper. Unlike the PCA method, the LDA method can extract multi-sensor information to optimize resolution between classes. Therefore, this method was used to detect 2 group of pepper based on the output response of sensors. The results of detection of cultivars were equal to 100%.The electronic nose has the ability to be used and exploited as a fast and non-destructive method to distinguish sweet and hot pepper from leaf odor. Using this method in identifying sweet and hot pepper will be very useful for consumers, especially processing units and food industries in order to select appropriate cultivars. Since the detection of pepper using an electronic nose has not yet been researched, the promising results of this study can be widely applied in the sorting industry.

In this study, the dust of primary schools located around the industrial centers of western Bandar Abbas was analyzed. Samples were analyzed by induced coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Environmental index of lead, zinc, cadmium, arsenic, chromium and nickel were evaluated. The results indicate that the study samples, except for chromium, have moderate to very strong contamination factor compared to other heavy elements, with the highest amount belonging to cadmium and lead. The highest value of ecological risk index belonged to the element cadmium (285) and the lowest value of this index showed the element chromium (3.68). The mean geo accumulation index of cadmium was the lowest and lead was the highest. Concentration of these elements was zoned using geochemical analysis datas. Comparison of how metal change and the similarity of their patterns in school dust samples with the average pattern of industrial centers and geological formations confirms the results

Radar interference technique is an efficient method in measuring ground surface displacement. So that with the use of this technology, it is possible to monitor small movements of the earth's surface continuously, with high accuracy and in a wide range. This technology has become very common in the study of natural disasters of the earth, including slope displacement, subsidence, earthquakes and volcanic activity. This technique compares the phase taken from two radar datasets at two different times and, by creating an interrogram, is able to measure changes in the earth's surface over time. In this study, in order to identify and measure landslides, radar images of 2015 and 2021 were used. In order to process the information, SARSCAPE software has been used, which has an estimated maximum landslide of 34 cm. Land use map of the study area was extracted using Landsat 8 image and using object-oriented classification. The results of this study showed that radar images have a good potential for detecting the instability of slopes and calculating their displacement. The results of adapting the land use map to the landslide map showed that the highest amount of slope movements are in the vegetation uses with 33 cm and the range with 28 cm, respectively, with the lowest value to the residential area with 9 cm. Sudden landslides and the destruction of vulnerable structures are possible accidents resulting from the effects of sloping movements that cause human casualties in urban areas. In some cases, these accidents can cause heavy and irreparable losses due to high population density or the expansion of the radius of the collapsed lands.

In general, most problem-solving methods are designed to define the problem. However, most of these methods and models ultimately lead to a complex and ambiguous dichotomy: the simultaneous attempt to recognize the problem and solve it. Without a complete understanding of a problem, it seems impossible to solve it. Therefore, it can be said that the primary goal of planning in architecture is: "Gaining enough information to create clarity, understanding and problem-solving in architecture." On the other hand, today, the position of research in its interaction with the teaching of architecture is a matter of concern. At the same time, in the process of architectural design, this category has been neglected and has been tolerated. Therefore, this article considers the study of models and methods of "research-oriented design" architecture and their structural analysis. The research method of the present article is descriptive-analytical with data collection tools, including library and documentary studies. The present study's findings show that the existence of a relationship between the acquisition and use of information is necessary to create a dynamic interaction between theory and practice. This interaction is central to understanding research information and its proper application; If the literature models of the research are considered to have two key roles: "creating criteria for evaluating the idea"; And "Creating general principles for use during design." The evaluation phase after the construction phase can also be used in the research. The proposed models are presented in four stages: "problem recognition," "idea production," "idea analysis," and "design solution design."». Finally, a comparative analysis of research-based design models and methods (test idea model, analysis and composition model, experimental model, logical model, associative model) is presented.Annually, heavy metal pollution is increasing in the environment and this eventually causes serious hazards for health of human, animal and plant populations. Heavy metals with their harmful effects are the major pollutants in big cities. Tehran is a big city and faced with this problem. Heavy metals such as arsenic, iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and nickel exist in the air of Tehran. These polluteants are inhaled by inhabitants and cause serious problems for human body. Among streets, roads and highways of the city, Enqelab Street is one of the busiest and particularly from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square.In this study, the results of measuring heavy metals including arsenic, iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and nickel in the air of the streetare presented with the health risk assessment from permanent and temporary residents in thearea. Moreover, the risk of developing cancer and non-cancer diseases caused by inhaling the polluted air with heavy metals was also estimated.Methodology (Times New Roman, 12 Bold)The research method of the present article is descriptive-analytical, and according to its theoretical nature, it seeks to study the relationship between research-oriented and architectural design in the theoretical dimensions of theoretical methods and models of architectural design. Data collection tools, including library and documentary studies, have also been used to collect information and research documents.Any normative design theory can be scientific or even quasi-scientific, but it means that despite all the problems, the positions of designers can be studied, described and scientifically explained. Formulating a clear and solid knowledge of normative stances enables designers to understand the designed self, attitudes, and practices, thus clarifying the potential normative roles and positions. The self-conscious design of the built environment depends on several factors. The need for professional designers to shape values to achieve unique ideas is one of these factors. The ability to do this depends not only on the knowledge and skills of the designers, but also on the job market. Profit and loss processes, supply and demand, cost and revenue, and commercial and administrative laws affect urban design and architecture. Likewise, the available technological features also affect the form of the built environment. Some architects use new technologies in their work, but others have remained in the construction profession; Therefore, "theoretical foundations" in architectural design include two types of theory and model.Conclusion (Times New Roman, 12 Bold)Based on what has been said about design methods and their theoretical foundations, What is almost accepted is that there is no consistent procedure in architectural design based on various patterns and methods, which in reflection with the concept of research-based design models, also has various challenges. Although the use of design models or selected methods in designing works in the field of internal validity (homogeneity of works and their design process) is significant, but can not be compared in binary other than design models' relative superiority to any of the models or methods.The multiple points, the subject of "architect-centered" in contrast to "audience-oriented or client-centered" based on the discussion in "normative and positive design theories" based on the principles of "lang" in the glorious book "Creation of architectural theories" Is. In general, it can be said that architects and designers did not pay much attention to the type of design process or consciously followed a method or model. However, the differences have been vast and significant in choosing the design model (idea-test, experimental, analysis, logical and Associative).Models of analysis and composition (analysis and composition) and logical activity combined with the preparation of models are different. That is due to their focus on the site to generate ideas for the experimental model, the intended use of experience to generate unique ideas. It is unique. The nature of all the above models can be distinguished into two categories: "design-oriented" and "program-oriented"; As the model of the idea of the test of the design-oriented model, the model of analysis and composition of the program-oriented model, the experimental model of the design-oriented model and the logical model of the program-oriented model are assumed. The thinking process is more based on the "flow of ideas, flexibility, initiative and improvement of ideas" in test and experimental idea models and more on "real and practical adaptability, axial program design, reconstruction" in more analysis and synthesis models. The program will precede the design, and the ideas will be compatible with the program's design and essential elements.Regarding the design process, it can be said that the models of test and experimental ideas are semi-individual and, to some extent, based on cognitive and survey analysis of the problem. The analysis, composition, and logic models will be more based on cognitive analysis. The associative model is also purely individual and based on the mind of the designer and architect.Keywords (Times New Roman, 12 Bold)"Architectural Design," "Design Models and Methods," "Sustainable Design," "Research-Based Design"

Attention Due to the increasing attention to tourism and becoming competitive in the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with attracting tourists. Geotourism is a new, dynamic and evolving form of tourism that is mainly influenced by the inherent contexts and attractions of disciplines such as geomorphology, geology, mineralogy, fossilology, caving and other related sciences. It is also influenced by the technical exploration of cultural and historical sites associated with mining activities, the discovery of specific museums in a region, or historical monuments. This study evaluates the geotourism potential and analyzes the competitiveness of the geotouristic areas of the case study (Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein). There are various factors involved in the development of tourism, the absence of some of which poses many challenges to the development of tourism. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting tourism development is a basic precondition for national planning and development and will play an important role in tourism development in the study areas. The reason for choosing these areas is due to having all three areas with almost similar characteristics of geotouristic attractions and on the other hand having the variables of the models of this research in these areas. According to the fields related to geotourism, it is necessary to define and identify indicators and factors assessing the competitiveness of geotourism in each region so that based on these indicators, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the region can not only be determined but can be compared with other regions and low value. To take on. . Therefore, the first task in this field will be to identify the indicators and determinants of competitiveness of the evaluated areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential and analyze the competitiveness of geotouristic regions of Ardabil province (Case study: Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein).

The study areas are located in Ardabil province. Ardabil province in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, with more than 18 thousand and 50 square kilometers, constitutes about 1% of the country's area. This province is bordered by Aras River, Moghan Plain and Balharud from the north to the Republic of Azerbaijan, from the east to Talesh and Baghro mountains in Gilan province, from the south to interconnected mountains, valleys and plains of Zanjan province and from the west to East Azerbaijan province. it's limited. In this research, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used to identify the study areas. Field study This research was conducted in the field and a questionnaire was completed in the spring of 1401. During the field study, in addition to providing images of the geotourist attractions of the study areas, questionnaires were also completed from travelers and tourism experts based on the model items used. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. Also, to estimate the normality of the data, the data distribution fit was tested using the Smirnov-Nekouei Kolmograph test and was confirmed with a significance (sig) of 0.05. In this research, first, the analysis of the geotourism potential of the mentioned areas is evaluated using the Hadzic model, and in the next stage, using the model of Pavolova et al., The competitiveness of the studied areas is evaluated.

 A: The results of the dynamic model (Hadzic): The results of evaluating the scientific geotouristic value of the regions according to experts show that among the sub-indicators of scientific value in terms of hair, the index showing geomorphological processes with a value of 4.15 and diversity in geomorphological forms with a value of 4.36 has the highest score. And in terms of index, rarity at the national level with a value of 1.69 has the lowest score. In other words, hair is less important in terms of rarity at the national level. B: Results of competitiveness of tourist areas: According to the results obtained from field studies and completing the questionnaire, one of the positive factors of competitiveness of geotouristic areas can be the existence of spas and medical facilities in Hir region with a value of 7.44 and also in Sarein region with a natural value factor of 7.44 with the highest competitiveness. Compared to other factors. In the next ranks, Khalkhal geotouristic region has the highest level of competitiveness in terms of the existence of several caves with a value of 6.97. Also, Khalkhal and Sarein areas with (0) have the lowest level of competitiveness in terms of spa and medical facilities, which indicates that there is no spa in these geotouristic areas.

In this research, the geotourism potential and competitiveness of the studied areas (Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein) have been evaluated. Therefore, it is concluded that Sarein tourism region in terms of geotourism potential and competitiveness compared to other studied tourism areas has suitable potentials to attract tourists to Ardabil province. Based on the models used in this study, the views of tourists and experts on the use of tourism potentials in the study areas were evaluated and tourism areas were identified in terms of competitiveness, so Sarein tourism area in terms of competitiveness compared to other study areas suitable potentials To attract tourists to Ardabil province. Finally, the studied geotourist areas due to restrictions such as communication routes, housing and lack of amenities have led to a decrease in tourists in the areas of Hir and Khalkhal. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to increase the necessary awareness to attract domestic and foreign tourists, first infrastructure facilities should be provided and then, using media advertisements, the conditions for attracting tourists to the study areas can be provided.

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is an alternative process for the treatment of organic waste that enables the energy production in biogas. In addition, the total volume of waste transported to landfills decreases, thus increasing the lifespan of landfills. Considering the different sources of organic waste, food waste (FW) is of great importance because large quantities are produced and buried. For this purpose, co-digestion of FW and green waste (GW) with five mixing ratios of raw materials was performed to evaluate biogas production. Increasing the percentage of GW in the substrate led to increased methane yield. The highest biogas production was determined in the ratio of FW and GW 50:50. About 90% of methane yield was obtained after 21 days of digestion with a total yield of 425 ml/g VS. Based on the preferred ratio, the effect of total solids (TS) on co-digestion of FW and GW ranged from 5 to 25% TS. The results showed that the methane yield from digestion of high-solids AD (HS-AD) (15 to 20% TS) was higher than that of liquid AD (L-AD) (5-10% TS), while further increasing the TS content to 25%, disrupted the function of methanogenesis. This inhibition may be due to overloading of the organic charge and the formation of excess ammonia.

Any event that relatively disrupts ecosystems, a community, or the structure of a population, and whose resources can be changed in context or in the environment, is called disturbance. In recent decades, due to the expansion of human needs and the consequences of land-use change, the basic resources of the Earth planet have been significantly damaged. The magnitude of the effects of this type of disturbance on the structure and function of ecosystems depends on several factors such as the structure and strength of the damaged ecosystems before the disturbance occurs, and the type, size, and regime of the disturbance. Accordingly, complex interactions between disturbances and ecosystems create spatial and temporal heterogeneity in ecosystem processes across a landscape.The dynamics of disturbance affect the composition, performance, structure, and processes that govern ecosystems. Large-scale ecosystem disturbances (LEDs) such as fires, hurricanes, insect outbreaks, dust storms, glacial currents, heat waves, and land use occur at various scales in most ecosystems around the world. Disturbances are mainly controlled by the intensity, persistence, frequency, timing, and magnitude of the spatial effects (including the size and shape of the affected area) caused by them. Ecological disturbances can occur naturally, such as fires, floods, avalanches, hurricanes, or volcanoes, and can even completely change a habitat. They can also be caused by humans such as road construction, agriculture, pollution, invasion, urban sprawl, point source pollution, conversion of natural vegetation to developed areas, entry of nutrients and pesticides from agricultural and urban resources, mining operations, and canal remediation, and flooding. These disturbances often change the timing or amount of hydrological flow, temperature, and water chemistry, and increase runoff, erosion, and sediment. Natural factors, along with human pressures and interventions to meet rational and sometimes irrational needs, are among the factors causing depletion and changes in habitats and natural cover, including forests. These changes gradually disintegrate the landscape of the land, resulting in the spatial disturbance. The spatial disturbance is one of the most important processes resulting from changes in the landscape, which involves the conversion of a particular cover or habitat into smaller, less relevant parts and a reduction in their stability and viability.The emergence of human-induced disturbances is not new to ecologists, but with the increase in human population and resource demand, the extent of many of these disturbances has increased, as these factors increasingly affect areas that previously had alittle human impact. One of the needs of planning for effective and sustainable management and protection is a better understanding and awareness of the process of changes in the landscape pattern, the phenomenon of disturbance of ecologists, and its spatial patterns.

This is a review study that has been conducted with the aim of explaining and analyzing different approaches and indicators for assessing ecosystem disturbance. In order to achieve the desired goal, to collect the specialized information studied, the method of document review (scientific and research, Internet databases) was used and different approaches and indicators for assessing ecosystem disturbance were extracted and analyzed. The following sets are presented in the context of ecosystem disturbance assessment. 1- Approach based on landscape fragmentation dynamics 2- Hydrosedimentological disturbance index 3- MODIS global distrubance index 4- Ecological risk index 5- Human disturbance activity index 6- Modeling spatial disturbance using landscape metrics 7- Quantifying human disturbance by EMAP method 8- Species-abundance models 9- Evaluation of human disturbances on vegetation characteristics of forest stands

Reviewing 16 case studies specifically related to the disturbance assessment led to exploring nine various approaches. In these approaches, different environmental, social, and economic indicators were used and various tools such as remote sensing and landscape metrics were applied. Most of these studies are based on conceptual and index-based evaluations and have been conducted mainly in the United States, the Mediterranean, China, Italy, Spain, and Brazil. In all approaches to assessing human disturbance, it is explicitly stated that disturbance management is a complex process and requires a thorough understanding of various ecological and social aspects.Ecological knowledge and perspectives on disturbance are critical to addressing the challenges to human well-being and biodiversity by changing disturbance regimes. Management and politics are two aspects of how society chooses to interact with disturbance regimes. For well-being, in many cases, the best results require the adaptation of human societies to disturbance regimes and require short- and long-term planning before perturbations. Given that all consequences are possible at the same time and not all values can be protected. Management ecosystems in the field of disturbance require a combination of insights and knowledge from several disciplines from ecology (how will ecosystems respond to improvement?) To sociology (what is the acceptable degree of disturbance for a residential area?). As we learn more about the ecological process, we must confront the old ecological perspectives and public policies that ignore the consequences of disturbance and assume a stable environment in which systems are in equilibrium and the overall composition of species and relative abundance over time. Disturbance management approaches are highly variable and depend on the goal they pursue. In some cases, the goal may be to maintain a disturbance regime within the natural range of diversity. In other words, the goal may be to completely suppress disturbance by protecting valuables, such as residential areas. Managers may use several strategies to achieve a common goal, but determining the most effective strategy requires accurate knowledge of the local perspective. Human disturbance activities are the physical stressors of ecologists for rivers and streams, lakes, and wetlands. Measuring the extent and severity of human disturbances near-natural environments gives scientists a better understanding of the impact of human populations on the natural environment. Understanding and combining disturbance processes, both natural and man-made, in resource management is essential to meeting the resource needs of future generations. Based on the summary of all studies, the present study emphasizes the development of a comprehensive assessment method in the watershed planning unit, taking into account all economic, social, political, hydrological, climatic, and biological dimensions, based on which conservation and management measures can be taken.

malkhalifeh aquifer is located in south of chaharmahal and bakhtiyari province , in sannadaj- sirjan zone as tectonic setting. this area very important as agricalture in the chaharmahal and bakhtiyari.This study investigated the geology and hydrogeological features of Mal-e Khalifeh in order to make more appropriate decisions about the utilization of water resources in this area based on groundwater level fluctuations and storage capacity. The research was carried out utilizing all of the reports, statistics, and data available in the archives of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Regional Water Company, Rural Water and Sewerage Company, as well as data obtained through measurements, experiments, and field studies. Mal-e Khalifeh study area, study code No. 2313, is one of the Great Karun drainage basin study areas with an area of 844.6 square kilometers, located in the southeastern part of the Great Karun in Lordegan, Iran. This area is managed by Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Regional Water Company. The following conclusions were obtained by evaluating the features of plain aquifers, including the type of aquifer floor rock, the type of aquifer, hydrodynamic coefficients, groundwater level fluctuations, floor depth and floor rock, and groundwater exploitation status: - According to the map made from the amount of water transfer, the amount of transferability increases from the edges to the center of the plain, and in general, the middle section of the plain is ideal for reservoir utilizing. Suitable places for exploitation can also be identified in the northern and southern areas. - The minimum and maximum groundwater depths, according to the map, are 2.7 and 53.6 meters, respectively, with a maximum depth in the northern areas (western Amiran piezometer) and a minimum depth in the plain's southern areas (Qarah). According to the map, to reduce the groundwater level, groundwater generally flows from east to west and from north to the center and south of the plain. This changing trend is consistent with surface currents and demonstrates the impact and compliance of piezometric wells and aquifers with surface currents. The results of the above map analysis suggest that the currents created in the north of the plain are the main source of inflow to Mal-e Khalifeh Plain. - The region's maximum water level is around 1735.13 meters to the north and northwest of the plain, while the minimum water level is around 1659 meters in the south and southwest at the drainage basin outflow. The analysis of the groundwater drop map for the long-term period (October 1988 to October 2018) also indicated that the maximum aquifer drop in the north of the plain (Milas-Kondar intersection) was 21.29 m and the lowest drop in the south of the plain was 21.29 m. (Piezometers of Kundar-Abu Ishaq and Qarah intersection). This indicates the average annual decline in water level of 0.17 meters in recent years and a drop of around 1.26 meters in the census year (2017-2018). - The hydrograph of the groundwater unit declined by 0.84 in the water year 2017-18, resulting in a volume reduction of 0.82 million cubic meters in the aquifer reserve for that year. In addition, from October 1991 to October 2018, the average annual change in groundwater was roughly -0.24 meters, which reduced the reservoir's average annual volume by 0.24 million cubic meters. Furthermore, the overall amount of aquifer drop from the start of the long-term study period to the present was 6.59 meters, and the total volume of reservoir loss was 6.43 million cubic meters. - The amount of this parameter dropped from the northern regions to the southern parts and the plain outflow, according to the map of electrical co-conductivity. - Hydrogeochemical studies revealed that groundwater had adequate and acceptable drinking water quality. Furthermore, for agricultural purposes, the water quality for both dry and rainy periods was in c2s1, which is adequate and useable for agricultural purposes. In the long term, the Mal-e Khalifeh aquifer chemograph revealed a rise in salinity of plain groundwater. During the statistical period, the average electrical conductivity increased. According to this graph, the average electrical conductivity improved by 40% in the last 5 years when compared to the start of the statistical period. - The volume of the reservoir was 0.55 million cubic meters after considering and calculating the parameters of groundwater balance. According to the findings, the quality of groundwater in the Mal-e Khalifeh Plain is generally good for drinking and agricultural usages, with the primary issue being aquifer volume loss, which should be thoroughly explored. Considering the long-term aquifer hydrograph, which shows changes in aquifer volume of 0.24 million cubic meters per year on average, it is clear that this difference is due to some assumptions in the preparation and regulation of the groundwater aquifer balance, and due to the fact that the parameters used should be estimated, it was practically impossible to calculate it accurately during the above balance studies. In the general balance calculations, the rate of decline of groundwater reserves was 16.77 million cubic meters, which, given the aquifer's characteristics, area, and the trend of changes in the aquifer's hydrograph, reflects a considerable decrease in water reserves in the aquifer. The following items 1. Reduction of water storage in groundwater balance calculations by 16.77 million cubic meters 2. 3.5 times difference between the number of long-term aquifers and the annual number of 2017-18 water years with the average long-term 3. Decline of groundwater level in the plain with an average annual drop of about 0.84 4. Also, a 40% increase in the average electrical conductivity are due to the decrease in rainfall in recent years and the increase in exploitation by permitted exploitation wells and unauthorized wells in the plain. This suggests salinity, which reduces the amount of groundwater supplies and necessitates additional planning for water resource management. With this in mind, basin and water resource management in this area appears to be more important than ever, and should be technically controlled by modifying aquifer exploitation and using artificial inflow and aquifer operations.

Heavy metals have become a serious environmental problem for ecosystems due to their high bioaccumulation capacity and durability (Tam & Wong 2000; Clark et al. 1998). Compared to organic pollutants, heavy metals cannot they are destroyed by chemical or biological processes and, therefore, accumulate locally over long distances (Merian et al. 2004). In natural environments, the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals depends on various factors such as oxidation and reduction conditions, pH (Langmuir 1997) and the amount of organic matter (Berkowitz et al 2008). In addition, these metals can be adsorbed by the surface of minerals such as clay minerals and iron, magnesium or aluminum hydroxides (Eby 2005). As a result, high concentrations of heavy metals can accumulate in sediments, especially fine-grained particles with high contact surface (Berkowitz et al. 2008). Because marine sediments are potential settlements and sources of heavy metals in the water column, high levels of heavy metals in coastal sediments have many negative effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms (Defew 2005). In addition, polluted coastal sediments reduce tourism on these beaches (Muzuka 2007). These effects reveal the importance of assessing and monitoring changes in heavy metal concentrations in coastal environments. Makran Basin is located in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan. The Makran Trench is the physiographic expression of a subduction zone along the northeastern margin of the Oman Sea adjacent to the southwestern coast of Baluchestan of Pakistan and the southeastern coast of Iran. Chabahar Bay, with a length of 17 km and a width of 20 km, is the largest bay on the southeastern coast of Iran, which is connected to the Oman Sea by a span of 13.5 km. According to the structural geological divisions, the study area is located in the inner Makran geological zone. Since the pollution of water and sediments by heavy metals and their impact on the ecosystem is very important. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the level of heavy metal pollution in Chabahar Bay sediments.

To study the sediments of Chabahar Bay, studies were performed in several different stages, which are as follows:• Library studies and reviews  Field surveys and sampling  Laboratory tests  Data processing First, all research related to Chabahar Bay was collected and studied. Surveys and sampling were performed by sampling tools according to the sampling environment. Sampling was performed in Chabahar Bay (and the deeper part of the sea for comparison with coastal samples and some samples were selected from the coastal strip land formations). To sample the bay, first the location of the sampling points was determined using a GPS and with a number of Manual samplers (Grap) sampling of soft surface sediments was performed and the boat wasused to move and transfer to the sampling site. A depth finder was also used to determine the exact depth of the sampling points.In this study, at first, library and documentary studies (include collected of maps, articles, books and researches of related to the research topic) were performed. Then, in the field studies and field visits, for this purpose, 13 sediment samples were collected from the shallow bed of Chabahar Bay and in the laboratory, they were subjected to sediment analysis and geochemistry. Therefore, the fine-grained sediments (less than 200 mesh) to determine the major elements, trace and heavy metals were analyzed ICP. By comparing the grain size analysis and Geochemistry of sediments, pollution-prone areas were identified. Finally, by combining the obtained data, the necessary interpretation and conclusions were made.

Chabahar Bay is a dual sedimentary environment because although in most parts of the Gulf the sedimentary environment is destructive, but in some parts carbonate sedimentary environment is seen which is accompanied by the release of biochemical sediments. Detrital sediments in the bay include quartz, clay minerals, feldspar, calcite and destructive dolomite. The origin of these detrital sediments is rock units (conglomerate, sandstone and marl) around the bay. In the sediments of the Gulf bed, 9 sediment types including gravel, sand, silt, mud, sandy silt, sandy clay, sandy mud, silty sand and mud sand were identified, which are the predominant species of sandy silt. Of course, coastal sediments are mainly sandy. Scattering of fine-grained particles is often seen in the center of the bay and offshore, while coarse-grained sediments are often more widespread along coasts and coastal areas. The amount of worm element in Chabahar Bay is higher than the average in the crust and it is almost unusual. Therefore, areas prone to environmental pollution in the study area are divided into four parts: the first area with the most pollution in the west and southwest of the bay (around Konarak jetty), the second area includes areas prone to pollution but with less pollution in the middle South to the sea and north of the bay, the third region includes areas prone to more pollution and finally the area with the least pollution but prone to the east of the bay and the coast of Tis (Shahid Kalantari wharf and Tis coastal beach). One of the most important sources of pollution is human pollution such as dumping engine oil or fuel into ponds or repairing the hulls of fishing vessels, which causes heavy elements to enter the waters and marine sedimentary basins of the region. Also, erosion of upstream altitudes and the entry of detrital sediments as a geogenic origin (terrestrial and extra-basin) increase the concentration of heavy elements. The washing of vessels, which contain large amounts of fish waste, as well as the direct dumping of human wastewater into the pond water, has caused the contamination of organic matter in the environment of the docks. Due to the performance of waves, especially in summer and the monsoon rule, many metal elements that have high specific gravity (such as chromium, nickel and iron) are driven from contaminated seabed sediments to sandy beaches, increasing the concentration of heavy metals. They roam in these areas. Based on the Folk classification (1984), 9 sedimentary types (Gravle, Sand, Silt, Mud, Sandy silt, Sandy clay, Sandy mud, Silty Sand & Muddy sand) were identified in the sediments of Chabahar Bay. Some heavy elements such as As, Bi, Cr, Sr, Zn, W and Cu are highly concentrated in sediments located in Chabahar Bay, especially along in the Konarak and Shahid Beheshti Jetty’s. The cause of this pollution seems to be human origin (Anthropogenic) such as pollution caused by the maintenance of launches and fishing boats.

Nowadays, tourism, as one of the most dynamic industries in the world, is among the three employment-generating economic industries; one in 10 important jobs in the world has been related to the tourism industry. Over the past half century, this industry, with its exponential growth, has had a significant impact on the economic growth and dynamism and cultural exchanges of countries. As many experts have called the current century the century of tourism. The development of the tourism industry has brought many benefits to the host community, such as increasing employment, optimizing transportation, increasing residents' incomes, and protecting cultural heritage. However, overdevelopment of tourism has had negative effects such as degradation of the environment, resources, culture and society. In the meantime, one of the important negative effects of tourism development is in the environmental dimension. The relationship between tourism and the environment is a complex one, this phenomenon involves many activities that can have detrimental effects on the environment. These effects include water pollution from sewage, waste generation by tourists, environmental damage from land degradation, and air and noise pollution from airplanes and cars. Due to the importance of investigating the relationship between environmental indicators and tourism development, the purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental effects of tourism industry development in Tabriz metropolis. Tabriz metropolis with a variety of tourist attractions, religious attractions, historical attractions, military attractions, residential attractions and having a pleasant climate and favorable scenery, hot springs and mountains suitable for mountaineering and skiing (around the city), annually receives a large number Has been a tourist. In this regard, the study of environmental effects (positive and negative) resulting from tourism development and strategic planning in order to reduce the negative environmental effects is an inevitable necessity.

The research method in the present study is non-experimental in terms of the purpose and degree of control, and in terms of the method of data collection, field and in terms of generalizability, it is a survey type. Also, the prevailing approach in the present study is analytical-exploratory. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and elites in the field of tourism in Tabriz, which due to the uncertainty of the statistical population, 90 people have been determined as the sample size through the Cohen method and snowball sampling. In the present study, first by documenting and interviewing with a statistical sample, the environmental effects of tourism development are identified, then by questioning the sample size and using t-sample and Friedman tests and factor analysis model in SPSS software environment, the effectiveness of these factors has been reviewed. It is noteworthy that in order to determine the statistical sample size, Cohen's formula was used at a 95% confidence level.

Findings indicate that the most positive effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis belong to the variables of environmental improvement and natural landscapes, promoting sensitivity and awareness of ecological systems and increasing environmental awareness and improving environmental and ecological quality, respectively, the numerical average, they are 4.78, 4.25 and 3.78 and their average ratings are 14.49, 13.32 and 10.67. Also, the least positive effect was related to the variables of creating new patterns of energy supply by nature and giving importance to the local community to natural resources and protection of the urban environment. Also, according to the extracted results, it can be said that the negative environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis can be classified into 4 main factors. In the first factor, the negative environmental effects of tourism development are loaded with 6 variables. This factor, called environmental degradation, is the most important negative environmental effect of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis, which with a special value of 7.567, explains 28.756% of the total variance. The highest factor load (0.981) in the first factor belongs to the variable of degradation of natural landscapes (due to excessive creation of accommodation and catering facilities). In the second factor, with a special value of 4.651, 5 variables are loaded. This factor explains 20.40% of the total variance and its most important variable is the increase of waste in the natural environment with a factor load of 0.891. According to the variables loaded in this factor, the name of this category can be named as increasing environmental pollution. The third factor, called the destruction of man-made landscapes, has three variables, with the highest factor (0.794) belonging to the variable of the disappearance of traditional architectural style due to the development of modern housing. This factor with a special value of 3.871 explains 14.661% of the variance. Finally, in the fourth factor or damage to ecosystems, which is loaded with 2 variables, the highest factor factor is related to the incidence and prevalence of new diseases (0.769). This factor explains 10.847 percent of the total variance and its specific value is 2.119.

One of the main topics discussed by experts is the application of the approach of environmental development and sustainable development. Today, the close relationship between tourism and the environment and the importance of the environmental planning approach and sustainable development planning have increased attention to these approaches. Tourism can have many positive and negative effects on the environment. Studies in this field have shown that the negative effects of tourism are much greater than its positive effects. The findings of the present study show similar results by examining the environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis. Based on the results, it can be said that several negative environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis have been shown, the most important of which are the destruction of natural landscapes, increased waste in the natural environment, uprooting plants and damage to vegetation, damage to ecosystems, extinction Traditional architectural style due to the development of modern housing and damage to buildings and monuments in the city. However, the development of tourism has also had positive environmental effects, the most important of which are the improvement of the environment and natural landscapes, the promotion of sensitivity and awareness of ecological systems and the increase of environmental awareness and the promotion of environmental and ecological quality.

Fruit juices are an important part of modern diets in many countries and one of the best drinks. Fruit juices provide a significant portion of the body's needs for minerals and vitamins and are recommended by nutritionists. By definition, the liquid extracted from fruit that has not been fermented and contains major processes such as preprocessing, extraction of fruit extracts, and post-pressure treatments is called fruit juice. Consumption of fruit juices has increased significantly over the past years and is growing significantly because consumers are interested in healthy and ready-to-eat products. The fruit juice industry is one of the industries that play an important role in the food industry and providing a high-quality product is important to achieve effective competition. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. This plant grows in more than 96 countries. China leads in 2015 with 70.3% of total world watermelon production. Other leading countries are Turkey, Iran, Brazil, the United States and Egypt. Watermelon fruit produces 55.3% water, 31.5% shell and 10.4% pulp. Carotenoids such as lycopene and β-carotene indicate the red and orange colours of watermelon, respectively. Watermelon sweetness is mainly due to a combination of sucrose, glucose and fructose. Sucrose and glucose make up 20-40% and fructose 30-50% of the total sugars of ripe watermelon. Watermelon juice has amazing and dense amounts of nutrients. One cup of this drink has high amounts of vitamin C and vitamin A, which cover 30% and 25% of your daily requirement for these nutrients, respectively. This drink also has moderate amounts of potassium, dietary fibre, calcium, iron and 1.5 grams of protein. Most importantly, a cup of this water contains only 70 calories but is rich in antioxidants and active ingredients such as lycopene, beta-carotene, amino acids and flavonoids. Apart from their role in the human diet, fruits are prone to spoilage due to high humidity. Post-harvest spoilage losses can be caused by pests that occur on the farm during harvesting, storage or distribution. Post-harvest mortality has been reported at 20 to 50 per cent in developing countries. If these products are processed prematurely, these losses can be avoided. The high cost and lack of efficient tools for crop processing, poor marketing and transportation system, as well as fruit perishability, contribute to more post-harvest losses. The lack of local and simple mechanical tools for processing fruit into fruit juice often leads to limited use of the fruit and consequently more losses after harvest due to rot. In order to reduce fruit losses, fruit juice extraction is a suitable option. Traditionally prepared fresh fruit juices, although pleasant and palatable and containing the vitamins and minerals found in the original fruits, can in most cases act as potential sources of contamination due to non-compliance with health standards in their preparation. This contamination may occur before or after fruit juice extraction. So far, many researchers have worked on the design and optimization of fruit juicers for various fruits and agricultural products.On the one hand, mechanization of the watermelon water production process is necessary to further improve the health of the production process. On the other hand, today, in addition to traditional methods, there are various devices for extracting different fruit juices. Most of these devices are versatile and are used for a variety of fruits. It is clear that these multipurpose devices, due to their different physical, mechanical and rheological properties, can not provide an effective fruit juicing process for several types of fruit. Therefore, to design an effective fruit juicer, accurate information about the watermelon juice extraction process is required. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of some factors affecting the kinetics of watermelon water extraction.

In order to perform the experiments, the product prepared from the local market of Karaj city was transferred to the laboratory. The experiments were performed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Machinery, University of Tehran, located in Karaj. In order to perform the experiment, the skin of the watermelon crop was manually separated from its mantle. Using PVC cylindrical tubes with a diameter of 50 mm, the watermelon was divided into cylindrical parts and six-centimetre pieces were created. In order to reduce the error in the amount of extracted fruit juice and also to reduce the effect of the crop on the amount, parts of the product that had little core were used. The watermelon crop was divided into six-centimetre, two-centimetre and two-centimetre layers for testing. Then, the mass weight of the prepared product was measured before each experiment by a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.01. Necessary pressure for dehydration of the product was created by a multifunctional material strength test machine (-500-Hi SE, Farvardin Azma Tajhiz, Iran). The device was connected to a computer, and the test settings were applied through software. A cylinder with a height of 150 mm made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 57 mm was used as a cylinder. A piston with a cross-sectional area of 57 mm in diameter was used to apply the pressure created by the multi-purpose test machine to the product mass. To record the force and displacement data simultaneously, a 500 kg load cell (type S, Zemic, China) was used to connect the piston to the jaw of the multifunction test device.

According to the analysis of variance tables, the effect of three variables of maximum load, the number of layers and loading speed as independent variables on the model of predicting fruit juice mass percentage, constant coefficients of force-displacement equations and moment juice-displacement mass equation was significant at 1% level. However, in all cases the P-value associated with each of the independent input variables or their interactions alone was not significant; but the significance of all forecasting models shows their high ability to evaluate data. Also, in most cases, the high explanation coefficient of the models indicates the high accuracy of the models and the proximity of the real value and prediction. The results show that the lowest percentage of extracted fruit juice is 5.95% with input variables (loading rate of 20 mm/min, maximum loading of 160 kg and single layer) and the highest percentage of extracted fruit juice with 95.36% with input variables (loading rate). 10 mm / min, maximum load of 400 kg and three layers); Therefore, in order to extract a high percentage of fruit juice, the loading rate must be reduced and the maximum loading and the number of layers must be increased.

Based on the impacts of renewable energy in reducing greenhouse gases, determining the suitable zones and the environmental requirements is an undeniable necessity. The aim of this study is to determine the effective indicators for solar farms suitability assessment using the combined DEMATEL-ANP (DANP), GIS technique. Using a set of literature, 92 criteria were identified and 10 sub-criteria were selected based on the most frequent criteria. The effective sub-criteria such as solar radiation, dust, relative humidity, aspect and slope were obtained using DANP technique. Those criteria overlaid using the weighted linear combination method. The restricted areas were overlaid using Boolean method. The final map was suitable areas for solar farms zones in Alborz province. The results shows although there is a high potential for solar energy in Alborz province, but some limitations such as faults, agricultural and range lands, water bodies, man-made areas will reduce the suitability for solar farms. According to the results of this study, the western and southwestern areas in Alborz province, including Eshtehard, Savojbolagh and Nazarabad, have more suitability. Based on the results 1.235% of Alborz province have very low suitability, 8.730 %low, 3.639% moderate, and 10.228 % high suitability. Eshtehard township is suggested as one of the most suitable areas for this land use. The results obtained in this study will be significant for future land use plans and road maps toward integrated policy-making approaches.

Salinity stress is one of the most important limitations of plant growth in arid and semi-arid regions that affects the production of many crops.Salicylic acid is an internal growth regulator with phenolic nature that plays a role in regulating physiological processes and provides protection against environmental stresses. In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the morphological characteristics of Haft Rang cultivar under potting conditions and different salinity stresses on some growth traits including flowering branch length, flowering branch diameter, flower diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area Chlorophyll index, flowering branch longevity, number of blind branches, this study was evaluated as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor was salicylic acid at three concentrations (300, 200, 0 mg / l) and the second factor was salinity at four levels (3.5, 3, 2.5, 0 dS / m). The highest flowering branch length, flower diameter, leaf area and chlorophyll index were related to the control treatment. Also, the fresh and dry weight of plants treated with a concentration of 2.5 dS / m salinity was higher than control plants. The application of salicylic acid only affected the factors of flowering branch length and flower diameter. The results showed that the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity was significant only on flower diameter. Rose is one of the plants sensitive to salinity and is able to tolerate salinity up to 3 dS / m. Therefore, studies in this field have been done less in roses than other ornamental plants and require studies. It is more in this field. Therefore, the practical purpose of this study is to investigate some morphological and physiological traits of rose cultivar Haft Rang (rainbow) using salicylic acid treatment under salinity stress in potted conditions to introduce the best available treatments.

This experiment was carried out in the spring and summer of 1995 in the open air conditions in Tabriz at the Abbas Mirza Forest Promenade. In this experiment, salicylic acid (300,200,0 mg / l) and sodium chloride (as saline water with different ECs of 0, 2.5, 3 and 3.5) were used to treat the rose flowers. The substrate used in this experiment was prepared with a mixture of sand and clay in a ratio of 3: 1 clay with EC less than 1 dS / m. Plant samples used in this experiment were obtained from rose cultivar of seven colors (Rainbow). After transferring the flowers to the desired pots, treatments were started. This research was performed as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, so that there were 12 pots in each block. The first factor was SA concentration at 3 levels (0, 200 and 300 mg / l) and the second factor was salinity at 4 levels (0, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 dS / m). Initially, 48 pots were selected and treatments were applied. How to use salicylic acid as a foliar spray and one week before salinity stress and then the plants were irrigated with salt water (irrigation with salt water was repeated once a week for 3 weeks). They were also irrigated once a week with city water to prevent salt accumulation (all pots had the necessary drainage). The number of blind branches (flowerless branches) and the number of flowering branches resulting from the growth of treated buds in the block were counted and recorded. This trait from the beginning of the experiment until the appearance of changes in the appearance of plants, ie the time of salt extraction, burns and leaf fall (which can be due to lack of nutrients, disease, etc. Therefore, plants are able to tolerate salinity). Were not). Recorded by day After harvesting the branches, the length of the flowering branch was measured from the harvested place to the end of the flower bud by a ruler. Branch diameter was measured between the first and second buds by caliper. Calipers were used to accurately measure the flower diameter of harvested branches. A scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g was used to measure the fresh weight of the harvested branches. The branches were then transferred to paper bags to measure dry weight. The bags containing the branches were placed in an oven set at 72 ° C for 48 hours, after which their dry weight was measured by a scale. The length of each leaf of all harvested branches (from the beginning of the petiole to the end of the main leaf of the middle leaves of flowering and blind branches) was accurately measured with a caliper. By calculating the leaf area and measuring the dry weight of the leaves of the dried branches in the oven, the special leaf area was used. The chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD-502) of Tabriz University was used to measure the chlorophyll index of the leaves. For this purpose, 2 upper and middle leaves (branches of treated flowers) and 3 points were measured in each leaf and their average was recorded. In order to analyze the variance of the data according to the design model and compare the means by Duncan's multiple domain test method (after checking the uniformity of the data) SPSS software with version 23 was used.

Based on the results obtained in this experiment and considering that the purpose of this experiment was to increase salinity stress resistance using salicylic acid hormone, so achieving this property can be economically and commercially important, Because it leads to increased plant yield per unit area (especially in areas with soils with different salinity levels). On the other hand, the highest flowering branch length, flower diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll index were observed in control plants. Also, the fresh and dry weight of plants treated with a concentration of 2.5 dS / m had a slight effect on salinity compared to control plants and the application of salicylic acid only on the factors of branch length and flower diameter and also the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity only on the diameter on The flower was effective.

Considering that conducting studies on the emission and concentration of pollutants in the air is one of the key measures to maintain the quality of the environment and, of course, towards the goals of sustainable development, so it can be said that by studying air pollution in industry Oil, to be able to predict the situation of sensitive areas in the future and to deal with possible adverse events, to provide appropriate ways to prevent, deal with and mitigate the consequences. This complex is located in the main flower path of Ahvaz city and directs the exhaust gases directly from the flares of this complex to the western part of Ahvaz. This is a non-interventional and descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in the summer of 1398 in Ahvaz. Ahvaz city with a population of 1059461 people was located at 31.20 north latitude and 48.40 degrees east longitude. The province is arid and semi-arid in terms of weather conditions and is affected by winds from neighboring countries, especially Iraq, as well as winds originating in the Persian Gulf.

After conducting comprehensive studies on the climatic and geographical situation of Ahvaz city and according to the map of Ahvaz flower garden, the exhaust gases from the flares of oil and gas exploitation complex No. 3 in the west of Ahvaz, were considered as a source of pollutants. This complex consists of an operation section with gas and diesel fuel consumption and 3 long burners, 3 short burners and 70 fuel pits, a desalination section with gas fuel and has 2 short burners and a gas pressure boosting station with gas and diesel fuel. It consists of 2 long burners, 1 cold burner and 1 fuel pit. Concentrations of NO2 and CO2, SO2, CO were measured by Enviro SA and Ecotec analyzes. Monitoring of gases and suspended particles was measured in summer and once a month (3 times in total) at intervals of 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 meters in four directions north, south, west and east of the complex. Figure 2 shows the location of the sampling location. In order to calculate the AQI index, the information obtained from the sampling points according to the table of national standards of open air quality and air quality index were converted into the standard mean time concentration. According to these standards, a maximum concentration of 8 hours was used for carbon monoxide, a maximum concentration of 1 hour for nitrogen dioxide, and a mean concentration of 24 hours for suspended particles and sulfur dioxide. The maximum concentration of CO gas was measured during 24 hours. A maximum concentration of 8 hours and a maximum concentration of 1 hour were used for ozone, an average concentration of 24 hours for suspended corn and sulfur dioxide, and a maximum concentration of 1 hour for nitrogen dioxide. The results of the values related to air hygienic quality indicators of O3, NO2, SO2, CO gases in summer along with changes in air hygienic quality are shown in Table 3. Accordingly, in summer, SO2 gas was very unhealthy up to a distance of 50 meters and NO2 and CO gases were unhealthy up to a distance of 500 meters. CO was very unhealthy at 2000 and 3000 meters in the east, NO2 at 1000 meters east and south and So2 at 3000 meters. O3 gas except at a distance of 50 meters south (Golbad route) with a rate of 0.098 ppm and at a distance of 50 meters west with a rate of 0.09 ppm and a distance of 100 meters east of the complex with a rate of 0.082 pm which was unhealthy In other respects, he was clean and healthy. The quality of PM2.5 particles was 50 meters north and south, 2000 meters south, north and east and 3000 meters in four directions of unhealthy pollution. Healthy condition was measured only in the east direction of Feller at distances of 500 and 1000 m and in the west direction at a distance of 1000 m. PM10 particles except at a distance of 50 m in the south (unhealthy for sensitive groups), 2000 m in the east, south and north (unhealthy for sensitive groups) and west (very unhealthy), 3000 m in the east and north (Unhealthy for sensitive groups) and west (dangerous) showed health in other directions and distances. The case of NO2 gas had Ip index in the distances of 50 and 100 areas to the west and south, a distance of 500 to the north and a distance of 1000 meters in the east at a distance of 2000 and 3000 meters in the west and north. O3 gas at the distances of 100, 50, 500 and 1000 meters had the highest value of Ip index in the south and at the distances of 2000 and 3000 meters in the west (Figure 4). So2 at distances of 50 and 1000 meters in the east and at distances of 100 and 500 meters in the south, at distances of 2000 and 3000 meters in the north and west (Figure 5) and CO at distances of 50 meters in the north, at distances of 100, 500 and 1000 Meters in the south and between 2000 and 3000 meters in the west had the highest Ip index. The Ip index was highest for PM2.5 particles at distances of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 m in the south and in the direction of west at 2000 and 3000 m (Figure 7). The Ip index for PM10 particles was highest in the west at distances of 50, 100, 500, 2000 and 3000 m and in the south at a distance of 1000 m (Figure 8). PM2.5 particles in the west direction and PM10 particles mainly in the east direction had the lowest amount of suspended particles, which is indicated by arrows.In terms of air quality index, PM2 .5 particles in healthy to very unhealthy condition and PM10 particles except at one point in the west at a distance of 2000 and 3000 meters, which showed very unhealthy and dangerous condition in most parts of the healthy condition. In the case of PM2 / 5 particles, which can be justified due to the location of Ahvaz in a dry area and the wind from the surrounding dry areas, which is also associated with light dust particles, also in the west direction, high vehicle traffic on the Ahvaz-Dezful road The access road to the industrial town is also the license plate exchange center, and in the south and southwest of Meyvan va Tarbar Square, as well as Al-Ghadir Stadium and the air defense residential areas, the cause of the high degree of air pollution is particles. The point that is determined by the overlapping of the values of the indicators with the sampling location map is the increase in the intensity of pollution according to the existing urban infrastructure at any point in a way that in the west of Feller by distance from Feller to Up to a radius of 1000 meters due to the lack of urban facilities, a decrease in air quality index gases and suspended particles was observed, but in the range of 2000 and 3000 meters with increasing urban activities and vehicle traffic centers such as fruit and vegetable center and highway. Ahvaz - Dezful and license plate replacement center, the level of pollution with CO and NO2 gases increased, and in fact, these infrastructures play the role of a flare with high CO gas emissions. While in the range of 1000 meters in all four directions of Feller and also 500 meters in the east of Feller and the north due to the existence of agricultural lands and limited rural populations, indicators of a better situation compared to points 50 and 100 Meters near the complex. Also, the situation of So2 gas at a distance of 2000 meters was clean and at a distance of 3000 meters, respectively, it became unhealthy twice. The city can reduce the concentration of this gas in the air and reduce its concentration due to the lack of natural barriers in the area and the lack of new sources of pollution, but at a distance of 3,000 meters of roads act as a new source and they increased the load of So2 contamination.

According to the above findings, the presence of oil and gas exploitation complex No. 3, along with the high density of urban service centers such as stadiums, fruit square and central transport of Ahvaz, license plate replacement center, Modares highway and busy road Ahvaz - Dezful and with Paying attention to the direction of Golbad acts as an aggravating factor for the residents of western Ahvaz, which can lead to many health injuries for citizens, even in the short term, including the short-term and acute effects of PM2. 5.2, NO2 and CO were noted for respiratory disease and mortality as well as due to the presence of farms on food crops.

Fuel additives are a promising engineering solution to achieve clean combustion with high thermodynamic efficiency. Combustion quality in a variety of internal combustion engines is significantly correlated with the thermophysical properties of the fuel. Accordingly, there is a significant tendency to develop a new formulation of gasoline fuel to increase braking power and reduce fuel consumption of spark ignition engines and reduce their emissions. For this purpose, the present study was dedicated to investigating a gasoline engine's performance changes and emissions by gasoline mixtures and ethanol and thinner additives. Part of this research is an attempt to investigate the effect of fuel samples on engine vibration to achieve a fuel mixture that reduces pollution, increases engine performance, and increases engine life. All tests were performed at constant engine speed and full engine load. After obtaining experimental data, the effects of single additives and their interaction were analyzed using statistical software such as. Based on the results, it can be said that integrated additives can be a good way for future studies in terms of the performance and pollution of gasoline engines. These additives can also be studied in terms of the engine's durability. It is suggested in future studies to use samples of fuels with high percentages of mixing with thinner and ethanol additives for a more detailed study.

In this study, gasoline was used as a control fuel, and thinner and ethanol were used as diesel additives (at three levels of 2, 4, and 6%). A homogenizer (Polytron® Switzerland) was used to stabilize the fuel sample at room temperature for 15 minutes.The prepared fuel samples were poured into half-liter bottles and then experimentally tested in a four-stroke single-cylinder ignition engine, model rme1000, with a displacement volume of 98 ccs and a maximum power of W800. In this study, in order to use fuel samples in the rme1000 generator engine and measure the amount of fuel consumed by installing a separate duct behind the carburetor and installing a valve in the fuel transfer path, an attempt was made to control the fuel consumed. In this way, the fuel could be measured from a separate tank by passing through a calibrated glass tube by the method of movement and the primary tank and the built-in valve; we could access the control fuel at any time. A variable resistor of TDGC2-5kVA type and a 1 kW heater were used to load the motor. The number of amps and voltage was measured by measuring the motor power (the product of amperes and direct voltage (DC) shows the amount of power consumed). The pollutant model QRO-401 made by QROTECH company was used to measure the number of pollutants emitted from the engine exhaust.A VIBRO RACK 1000 analyzer system was used to measure the engine's vibration due to combustion, which produces outputs in the form of broken waves. This device works with the help of a computer that is connected by network cables. Sensors were placed to measure the sensors on the motor block to reduce vibration errors and be ready for evaluation in the X, Y, and Z directions when the motor is started. The end parts of the sensors were threaded and connected to the engine block in rotation.One of the most important parts for measuring vibration is the sensors used in which directions to measure, and also the end of the sensor, which is located in the direction of each of the axes, should be placed somewhere closed or in a firm position to transmit the blows and vibrations to the complete state.

This study was conducted to study the effects of ethanol and thinner additives on performance, greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel consumption of single-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline in which gasoline additives were combined with a research octane number of 88. The research was performed on a single-cylinder gasoline engine. The results were evaluated from the perspective of engine performance, pollution and vibration, and based on the observations, suggestions were made. According to this:Adding thinner and ethanol to the samples of gasoline-containing fuels reduces the calorific value of the fuel and increases the density and viscosity, which can have a significant effect on the quality of combustion. It can be said that the addition of thinner and ethanol alone has caused a relative increase in fuel consumption. This trend is due to the decrease in calorific value of fuel samples containing thinner and ethanol compared to natural gasoline fuel. It can be seen that the addition of thinner ethanol has relatively reduced carbon monoxide emissions compared to the control fuel. This trend can be due to oxygen in the sample contents of fuels containing thinner and ethanol. On average, carbon dioxide emissions in samples with additives other than GT1E6, GT3E4, and GT3E6 are higher than in control fuel (gasoline). The trend of increasing carbon dioxide emissions from the GT5E2 fuel sample onwards is highest. On average, oxygen emissions are lower than in the control sample, except in GT0E2, GT0E4, GT0E6, and GT1E6 fuel samples. Low oxygen in the output can be a reason for reducing oxygen content in the output. It can promise high oxygen consumption in the combustion formulation due to complete combustion.The highest emissions of nitrogen oxides are related to GT5E2, GT5E4, and GT5E6 fuel samples. Also, the lowest emissions of nitrogen oxides are related to GT1E0 and GT1E6 fuel samples. In cases where the emission of nitrogen oxides is high, it is recommended to strengthen the engine cooling system. Alternatively, use ORC cycles to absorb as much energy as possible released into the combustion chamber to increase energy production stability. Based on the results, it can be seen that increasing the percentage of thinner and ethanol additives in the fuel sample has reduced the vibration of the gasoline engine compared to the control fuel sample.Based on what has been obtained from previous sections and this section, it can be said that integrated additives can be a good way forward for future studies both in terms of performance and pollution and in terms of examining engine durability because these types of additives benefit from several types of additives and reduce the disadvantages of existing fuels. It is suggested in future studies to use samples of fuels with high percentages of mixing with thinner and ethanol additives for a more detailed study.

Livestock waste is the most suitable material for biogas production, but it is not always the best material. If cows are kept on a farm with a burial system, collecting their feces for biogas is very easy. While usually, in Iran, farms are traditional and even live in rangeland in some months of the year. As a result, it is likely to have to be collected from the ground to obtain fertilizer, which increases the workload for biogas production. Otherwise, the substrate remains in the new range. Other parts of the plant can also be used, such as wheat straw, unless they have a high lignin content. Development in rural areas has suffered from armed conflict for the past 100 years, and people have fled to neighboring cities or countries. In some villages in northwestern Iran, the gas pipeline network is not extensive. Liquefied natural gas transportation is a solution for transferring energy to remote villages. Extensive use of firewood for energy purposes also severely impacts local forests. This phenomenon is one of the main reasons for increasing greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and land degradation. It is estimated that replacing these heat generation methods with biogas digesters can significantly contribute to the production of pollutants, land and forest degradation, and the prevention of environmental pollution. The situation is similar in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia. There are many benefits to using biogas as an energy source. Efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. In most rural areas, home cooking is cooked on a conventional stove or traditional stove, where the biomass is burned directly, leading to further emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Indoor air pollution primarily affects women and children because they are usually responsible for cooking and spend much time in a smoke-contaminated environment, leading to serious health problems such as lung cancer, pneumonia, or other lung diseases. Be. This study aims to set up three different possible scenarios for a small-scale biogas digester in different regions of northwestern Iran with low technology. The use of ubiquitous biomass such as cow manure as a base, kitchen waste (medium fat), potato peel, or wheat straw helps obtain a constant gas throughout the year without the need for ample storage as substrates. These resources are provided daily and are available for a long time. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions are calculated for each scenario to show the difference in carbon footprint compared to using firewood or liquefied petroleum gas for cooking instead of biogas. Finally, the usefulness of the by-product, fermented litter, is also an important point to check its usability as a plant fertilizer. This study helps to map out the future of small-scale biogas digesters in rural, mountainous areas.

In order to calculate the specific emissions of biogas emissions, the standard method of life cycle assessment (LCA) was used using the SIMA PRO tool. This study aims to provide special effects on global warming/greenhouse gas reduction in production and the use of biogas as an energy source. Therefore, helpful energy was used as the functional unit of one megajoule. The system boundaries are shown in Figure 1. For biogas systems, life cycle inventory (LCI) is collected from the LfL biogas database.The selected beds represent the typical waste of rural households in northwestern Iran. Most farmers in these areas have dairy cows, so choosing cow manure as the primary substrate is a logical consequence. This substrate can be removed directly from the farm or must be collected from the pasture ground and then mixed with water 50:50 to obtain a homogeneous liquid to feed the biogas digester. Where people cook, waste is generated; here, we look at medium-fat kitchen waste as an input option for the fermenter. A unique waste product of daily cooking is potato skin because potatoes are considered the leading food in northwestern Iran and other parts of Iran. The common substrate for the third scenario is wheat straw after harvest and wheat processing. Instead of not using it or using it poorly, a more efficient way is to extract the biogas by cutting it into small pieces and fermenting it. In short, all materials are available all year round, and if they are not used to produce biogas, they have no or little use.

According to the presented results, significant differences in the gas output of the three modes are detectable and are shown in Figure 2. The second scenario with 70% cow manure and 30% potato skin shows the lowest biogas production per year with 69.6 square meters. With an annual biogas production of 76.3 square meters, the first scenario is currently more productive than Scenario II, but the third scenario has the highest biogas output. This modulation, including 60% cow manure and 40% wheat straw, produces 94.2 square meters of biogas per year and is the most efficient of the three scenarios. The first scenario emits the lowest CO2 equivalent with 0.236 kg, and the third scenario emits the highest CO2 equivalent with 0.333 kg CO2 equivalent. Because biogas emissions are pretty similar (0.151-0.182 kg equivalent to CO2), the value of machinery and equipment varies between 0.070-0.155 kg equivalent to CO2 in three scenarios. However, unlike the fossil fuel source, which often uses LPG and NG, biogas scenarios do much less damage to the climate than this fuel. Greenhouse gas emissions are 1.59 kg, equivalent to CO2. Which is much larger than biogas; Figure 2 shows the total gas production, while the critical part is the methane content because methane represents the energy content of the gas. Most digesters must be built for direct gas use and direct gas combustion in northwestern Iran for cooking purposes. Therefore, methane analysis is a significant concern in this area. The blue bars in the diagram (Figure 2) show the total biogas production of each scenario. Therefore, the direct use of methane produced by the fermentation process and biogas production (rather than releasing it into the air) will be an essential factor in reducing the environmental impact of the biogas produced.Biogas has already proven its potential to become a successful model for sustainable energy production in other countries. Its environmental, social, and economic benefits are visible to users and all countries. In northwestern Iran, employment in rural communities can be created by establishing local cooperatives to install and maintain biogas production systems. Women become empowered because they no longer suffer from air pollution. Because fuel and fertilizer costs are reduced entirely or at least in large part, biogas means financial support for families in the long run.However, budget is a significant constraint on progress in implementing biogas in rural areas. In most countries, installing a digester for subsistence farmers without subsidies is neither cost-effective nor sustainable. More solutions and options to reduce the cost of digestive systems must be developed for each country to reach the goal of 2030, namely green energy for all. Evaluating carbon emissions trading or other sustainable subsidy mechanisms can help make biogas more cost-effective. Asset costs prevent the spread of biogas systems and the lack of knowledge. Therefore, investing in education is very important to increase the interest in biogas among the people. Rural communities need to be more involved with this technology to understand it as a good energy source for their families. More research needs to be done because there is almost no biogas database in Iran.

Changes in community conditions, population growth, inappropriate and unprincipled use of available water resources and climate change are known as the reasons for the decrease in available water resources in recent years. Hence the need for integrated management of existing water resources is quite obvious. One of the important parameters for sustainable planning and management of water resources is the estimation of river flow. In recent decades and with the increasing development of computer technologies, many rainfall-runoff models have been developed for different purposes, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Simulation is to understand the relationships governing the process of runoff. Simulation is used when the goal is not to involve the main system or the main system is not available. Simulation itself has been a major issue in terms of runoff forecasting and management in hydrological research. One of the most basic topics in hydrological sciences is understanding and recognizing and understanding the processes of production and flow transfer from input to output of the field. It is necessary to generalize through them those votes that do not have a voice, which is not a sign that it's not a sign, and the ideas of the day that this method of influence came into being. The relationship between precipitation and runoff is of great importance in hydrological studies. Because precipitation data are widely used in flood and runoff forecasts, they can use the available information to fill statistical gaps in runoff data. To achieve this goal, identifying the relationship between runoff and water is of high importance and key. calibrated the evaluation of annual water waste estimation in the watersheds of Khuzestan plain with experimental relations and finally this study showed that the coefficients of Katain method are 2.06, Justin 0.63, Institute of Agricultural Sciences method India is 4.67. These coefficients showed that in three methods, respectively, 90% of the level of trust and in the method of the Institute of Crop Sciences of India, 95% of the level of trust was achieved. evaluated experimental methods for estimating runoff in Band-e-Mandar watershed of Fars province. In this study, 6 experimental methods of runoff calculation including Katain, Indian Agricultural Institute, Justin, World Meteorological Organization, Irrigation Department of India and Khozla were estimated.

Lake Urmia catchment area with geographical coordinates of 44 degrees and 7 minutes to 47 degrees and 53 minutes east longitude and 35 degrees and 40 minutes to 38 degrees and 30 minutes north latitude is located in northwestern Iran. The area of this basin is 51876 square kilometers, which is 15 / Covers 3% of the total area of the country. The amount, about 5822 square kilometers is the area of the lake itself, which is related to the height of the lake water and changes with its increase or decrease. The present study will simulate the runoff upstream of the Safakhaneh hydrometric station in the southern part of the catchment area of Lake Urmia in Kurdistan Province. The location of the catchment and 3 hydrometric stations are shown in Figure 0.3. Annual precipitation values and evapotranspiration potential as mentioned in the previous sections, in order to simulate the runoff precipitation process with the AWBM model, precipitation, potential, evaporation, transpiration data for modeling and runoff output from hydrometric stations are needed to calibrate and validate the model. For this purpose, precipitation data of Takab synoptic station were used to model the upstream basin of Safakhaneh station. Although data from the Ministry of Energy rain gauge stations upstream of these basins were also available, on the one hand, because the number of missing data from these stations is high and somehow modeled rainfall using these stations, there was no suitable representative for the desired basin, so we tried to use the data of the nearest synoptic station to this basin. Statistical criteria for model performance evaluation Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) The objective function is called a good fit measurement, and the optimal values of the parameters are values that represent the minimum value of the function. In each basin, the value of the objective function depends on the set values of the parameters. The point at which the objective function is minimized for the related parameters is called the optimal point of the parameters. The most common objective function used to calibrate hydrological models is the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. The NSE coefficient is a coefficient that shows the relative difference between the observed and simulated values. In this study, this coefficient has been used to evaluate the simulated results and observational data in the selected statistical period. Shown below.NSE=1-(∑_i▒(Q_(m,i)-Q_s )_i^2 )/(∑_i▒(Q_(m,i)-(Q_m ) ̅ )^2 ) Observational flow rate Q_s: Indicates computational flow Q_ (m, i): Observed flow rates during the simulation period And all three are in terms of m ^ 3⁄s. The performance range of the NSE evaluation index in the simulations performed by the model is given in Table (3-2). Rainfall-runoff simulation In order to study climatic parameters on runoff, it is necessary to use rainfall-runoff models. In this study, support vector machine regression (SVR), gene expression programming (GEP) and IHACRES (IHACRES) were used to generate monthly runoff. All AWBMs provided (3) are all computers whose functionality is similar to that of a valid computer..The AWBM model uses surface storage capacities (C3, C2, C1) with areas (A3, A2, A1) to simulate runoff levels, and the water function of each storage surface is independent of the others in daily time steps (or Hourly) is calculated. The water balance equation of each surface is such that precipitation is added to the surface reserve and evaporation and transpiration are reduced. The equation of water balance in case n is the number of reserves in the basin is as follows:Store_(n+1)=Store_n+Rain-Evan (n=1,2,3)Where, zero is considered when the storage moisture content is negative, but if the storage moisture is more than the reservoir capacity, the excess moisture is converted to runoff and the storage moisture remains equal to the reservoir capacity .In the model, it is assumed that the two main sources of surface runoff and base water are runoff. This model has three surface storage capacities (C_3, C_2, C_1) and 3 levels corresponding to surface storage capacities (A_3, A_2, A_1) and an average storage capacity (C_ave), the relationships between these components are:A_1=0⁄133 A_2=0⁄433 A_3=0⁄433 C_1=0⁄01 C_ave/A_1 C_2=0⁄33 C_ave/A_2 C_3=0⁄66 C_ave/A_3 Calibrate this model with AWBM2002 subroutine. Initially, this subroutine is considered a C_ave and using BFI and K obtained from the NBFLOW subroutine and with the help of relations 2 and 3, the values of C3, C2, C1 with hypothetical levels A1 = 0⁄133, Gets A2 = 0⁄433, A3 = 0⁄433 and finally corrects these three tablets. C_ave is first calculated from the assumed values of 5, 50, 100, 150 and 300, which are considered by default in the model, in such a way that the runoff obtained and the actual runoff obtained from the following equation have a low The most differences are:Act=e1A1+e2A2+e3A3 The amount of actual monthly runoff e_n: Monthly computational runoff from each of the stored weapons A_n: The level of each storage capacity.

Parameter A2 is the same as A1, except that the optimal range of variation is 0-0.3. The sensitivity of the objective function values to the values of the BFI parameter is completely opposite to parameters A1 and A2, so that the closer the value of this parameter is to one, the more optimal the objective function values are. The sensitivity of the model to the parameters C1, C2 and C3, however, is low in a wide range of their variation. Changing the KBase and KSurf parameters will also result in better values of the target function in the range of 0.8 to 1.The amount of rainfall recorded at the stations is not a good indicator of rainfall in the basin. Although in the AWBM model, it is possible to change the amount of input data with the Data Scaling tool, and from this tool, the results were obtained by defining the appropriate scale, but due to limitations, this scaling could not calculate the precipitation values in the months with peak flow. Increase in such a way that the simulated flow approaches the peak flow. On the other hand, because all three sub-basins are mountainous and there is a large difference in altitude in the basin, so considerable rainfall at higher altitudes is obvious, and since other than the Data Scaling tool, another tool to approximate rainfall values There is no entrance to the realities of the region. In some hydrological models such as SWAT, for hydrological simulation in mountainous areas, it is possible to define altitude bands and also to define the altitude gradient of precipitation, and this causes the precipitation modeled at altitudes far from the precipitation recorded in More stations to be considered. Overall, the performance of the AWBM model in precipitation-runoff simulation of the upstream basin station in the calibration period with a Nash-Sutcliffe index value greater than 0.7 is very good.

Today, increasing car use and dependence on urban environments has created numerous problems such as pollution, traffic, and the wasteful use of fossil fuels. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the sustainability of urban transportation by emphasizing the green economy and providing appropriate solutions can be fruitful in the sustainability and economic development of cities. Given the importance of this issue, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting sustainable urban transportation. Ardabil city, as a case study of this research, is the capital of Ardabil province, where a high volume of urban traffic takes place. The high concentration of the service sector in this city increases the volume of urban traffic during the day. This causes traffic, noise pollution and the resulting environment. Restrictions of Ardabil transportation system such as non-overlap of urban lines by various means of public transportation, including taxis and buses, high share of informal passengers in the movement of citizens, unnecessary traffic, insufficient monitoring of transportation systems Increasing the distance between business and non-business trips and the inadequacy of the structure and quality of the road network to facilitate transportation, low use of bicycles in order to achieve clean transportation, insufficient attention to the principle of pedestrian-centered city, etc. Creates a sustainable transportation system in the city of Ardabil. In this regard, and due to the increasing need for transportation, the creation of a sustainable urban transportation system is of great importance and in this regard, the main purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the components and factors affecting Creating a sustainable transportation system with emphasis on green economy in Ardabil. This research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. The data required for this research were collected through documentary and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of this research is experts familiar with the subject of Ardabil urban transportation and the theory of green economy. Due to the uncertainty of their number and the ambiguity in their familiarity with the subject of the research, the snowball method was used to identify experts. In this regard, the number of sample experts continued to gain better knowledge and theoretical saturation in the received answers (proximity and repetition of answers), and finally reached 10 people. In this regard, after the initial factors / components were extracted through library studies, the mentioned experts were interviewed, and after summarizing the factors, their content validity was obtained, and finally, a specialized questionnaire on the effectiveness of the factors was opened. It was also evaluated by the same 10 relevant experts. It should be noted that content validity (CVR) method was used for research instrument validity, retest method for its reliability and structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were used for data analysis. The conclusion is that overcoming the issues and problems caused by transportation and finally achieving stability, requires identifying the factors that affect it. For this reason, the interpretive structural research model seemed useful due to the use of expert opinions and its desirable content validity, because it can reduce the complexity of the subject and an acceptable understanding of the subject by specifying the priority. ‌ lead us to make better decisions. In this research, based on this research logic, we tried to identify the most important factors affecting sustainable urban transportation in Ardabil and to analyze the impact of each of them on each other. In this regard, the results showed that among the 37 factors initially identified, 12 factors (safety factors, development of non-motorized transport, motor vehicle travel, access to transportation services and energy efficiency, social livability and air pollution The quality of planning, transportation culture, transportation costs, electronic communications and smart tools and equipment) were recognized as the final factors affecting sustainable urban transportation, and among these, the most power to influence factors. The quality of planning and intelligent tools and equipment, and the least of which is related to security factors, community viability and air pollution. But in this regard, what is important is to achieve a combination of influential variables. The results of factor leveling also showed that the factors affecting sustainable urban transportation in Ardabil can be classified into four levels. Electronic communications, smart tools and equipment, transportation culture, access to transportation services and motorized travel are at the lowest level and act as the foundation stones of the model, in a way that identifies Factors affecting sustainable urban transportation in Ardabil should start from this level or factors. Because these factors have the greatest impact on other factors and are at the highest level (first level), security factors, community viability and air pollution. These factors have less provocative power and more dependence. In fact, these factors are less effective but more effective. The results of factor classification also showed that security factors, development of non-motorized transportation, travel of motor vehicles, access to transportation services and energy efficiency have a weak influence and dependence. In contrast, socially viable factors and air pollution are more affected by other factors and are systemically effective and dependent elements, and finally, the quality of planning, transportation culture, transportation costs, electronic communications and Intelligent tools and equipment are key factors in sustainable urban transportation. These factors, which have high penetration and low dependence, can have the greatest impact on the sustainability of urban transportation. These factors act as the structural cornerstone of the system and in order to fundamentally change the performance of the system, they must be emphasized in the first place. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the sustainability of urban transportation from the perspective of green economy, to the key factors of planning quality, transportation culture from a social dimension, transportation costs from the dimension The economy and electronic communications and smart tools and equipment depend a lot on the smart city dimension. In emphasizing these factors, we should not ignore other factors raised in the present study. In general, the factors are systematically related to each other and in terms of hierarchy (priorities and levels obtained) the factor of the population having the Internet to improve the transport culture and also use the credit card system instead of preparing and buying Tickets, installation of smart cameras and installation of traffic signs will provide the transportation system. Will be effective (fourth level). The set of factors mentioned in a way indicates the existence of the program in the field of transportation and the continuity of acceptance and comprehensiveness of the planning that will lead to the development of non-motorized transportation, ie walking or cycling (third level). When the measures are on schedule, the costs will certainly be reduced (costs of accidents, road network, parking and other traffic services paid by private car users, families) and the efficiency will be increased (level Second). When renewable energy is used, the amount of pollution will definitely decrease and security will increase, and finally we will see the viability of the community and the stability of the city in the field of transportation (first level).

Considering the different hydrological, hydraulic and environmental behaviors of the urban area compared to other natural areas, the effects of urban expansion on the response of the natural hydrologic cycle components, and available water resources in particular are among the most important research topics of the last decade. Limited water resources have made water an economical and valuable commodity. Groundwater is at risk of pollution as the population grows and urban, industrial and agricultural activities increase. In Iran, groundwater has a 60% portion in drinking water supply in most cities. Using conventional methods to assess the quality of groundwater aquifers is time consuming and costly, so geostatistical methods can be used due to their good capabilities and acceptable accuracy of estimates. Urban sprawl is the most important type of land use change or land cover in which artificial and impermeable pavements, such as roofs, streets, sidewalks, roads, replace natural and permeable pastures, forest, and agricultural lands. Therefore, it is necessary to plan and implement various urban development projects as well as management strategies for water resources in urban areas. In this regard, and according to the importance of the issue, the effects of urban development on the quantity and quality of surface water and underground water resources were examined in this study. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effects of physical and demographic development of the Ardabil city in recent decades on the quantity and quality of surface-groundwater resources.

This research was carried out in main following stages. The urban development in Ardabil were assessd using Landsat Imagery and RS technique. In this study, determining the trend and extent of urban development in Ardabil over a period of 30 years (1986 to 2016) was evaluated. Classification of satellite images have been done using maximum likelihood method in ENVI software to determine the urban area of Ardabil in different years. In this regard, 7 time periods from 1985 to 2015 with 5-year intervals were selected and Landsat 7 images in June 1985. Images of Landsat 7 ETM+ in May 1990, May 1995, June 2000, June 2005, July 2010 and May 2015 were also obtained from the USGS site. The changes in surface water quality and quality were examined using the water quality diagrams. The quantity and quality of groundwater variations were determined using spatial interpolation methods. Finally, the effects of urban development and population growth were analysed on the changes of surface and underground waters during the studied years. The GIS, GS+, ENVI, EXCEL, AquaChem software were employed in the different steps of the study.

The results of the urban development showed that the urban area of Ardabil city had increased over the past 30 years with 3284 hectares and the population growth rate was 861705. The flow rate and volume of surface water resources had decreased and the trend of pollutants were increased. The results show that the average daily flow in the river over time for both hydrometric stations has been declining over the past 30 years. In general, it can be said that according to the Schuler diagram (drinking water), the condition of Pole-almas hydrometric station is in a unsuitable condition with respect to Gilande hydrometric station. The water quality of Gilande hydrometric station is in the C2S1 class at all time intervals. The amount of groundwater resources decreased by 46%. Meanwhile, the groundwater quality of piezometric stations was in a good condition based on the groundwater quality parameters. The pH of groundwater in the study area fluctuates between 7.2 to 7.5. In terms of acidity of groundwater resources in Ardabil is in good condition and the lowest pH amount is assigned to the western regions of the study area, and the highest is in the eastern parts. The highest value of EC is in the eastern and northern regions, and fluctuates between 852 and 1660 μm in the study area. The concentration of soluble substances in the study area fluctuates between 424 to 1120 mg / l on average. This value is less than 1000 mg / l in the northern regions of the region and shows that the level of TDS in the northern regions is in the acceptable and good category (according to Schuler diagram). The interpretation of the Wilcox diagram (agriculture and industry) show the desired level of water quality. Also the parameter of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) that the highest amount of SAR is 3.5 and the minimum is 2.2. The amount of sodium in groundwater in Ardabil in the northern and northwestern parts of the plain is less than other areas, but in general the ratio of sodium absorption in the plain is less than 10 and is desirable for agriculture. The highest amount of SAR in Ardabil can be seen in the southern and southeastern parts of the city.

The dramatic increase in urban expansion in the southwest and northwest areas of Ardebil city is due to the existence of a river, the presence of Shorabil lake, Mehr residential complex and university offices. In general, it can be said that the quality of groundwater resources in Ardabil is currently in good condition and in the near future, if comprehensive management and planning is not on the agenda of the relevant factors, groundwater resources in Ardabil will experience unfavorable conditions. The most important reason is that the development of the sewage network has reduced the entry and penetration of pollutants into groundwater through absorption wells, but the most important suggestion is to use new urban runoff management techniques, because it leads to increased permeability and increased groundwater recharge. As a result, the quality of urban runoff is improved. Urban runoff can also be stored, which reduces municipal runoff and can be used for non-drinking purposes such as washing, irrigation of green spaces. In conclusion, population growth along with the decrease in the quantity of surface water resources can be attributed to the influence of rainfall decrease, consecutive drought events, and rising exploitation of water resources, have affected surface water and underground water resources quality and quantity. Reducing the quality of surface and underground water resources in the studied area requires management and comprehensive planning to maintain and sustainable use of these resources.

Concerns about the environment have become relatively common today, as in recent years the concerns of political and scientific communities about environmental issues and efforts to improve and protect them from further vulnerability have taken on a global dimension. Human misuse of nature and natural resources has caused serious environmental problems in most countries of the world. The current environmental crises, along with population explosions, increasing poverty and the spread of dangerous diseases, threaten human society. Among the most important environmental crises can be ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, droughts, radioactive contamination, indiscriminate deforestation, soil erosion, animal habitat degradation, vital species extinction, biodiversity depletion, deforestation He mentioned the planet, chemical pollution, vegetation loss, desertification, water scarcity and many other problems. On the other hand, several factors such as economic (degree of industrialization, trade and technological inequality), political (democracy and tyranny), social (degree of urbanization and literacy rate) and government (size and quality of government) affect the performance of the environment.The government is closest to the people and plays a significant role in the development of rural communities. The field is of great importance and attention in all fields and arenas. In rural society, management can play a very effective role in the development process. Management has an undeniable place and role in the process of rural development and planning. Without legitimate and efficient rural management, rural development goals will not be achieved. Because rural management and planning at the macro and micro levels are the most important factors in rural development. In general, attention to the rural environment is one of the important pillars to achieve rural development, which can be considered a set of measures aimed at promoting the modernization of rural areas, creating new employment opportunities, sustainable agricultural assets, resource management efficiency and ecosystem conservation. Therefore, the present study investigates the challenges of rural managers in order to protect the environment in rural areas of Dashtestan city of Bushehr province.

The present study is in the field of qualitative research in terms of applied purpose and approach, which has been done using the basic theory technique. Sampling was performed purposefully by snowball method (chain reference). The sample size was determined by data saturation when no new responses were received from the participants. In the end, the number of participants in the study reached 20. Participants of rural managers included 14 Dehyar, 4 heads of the Islamic Council and 2 members of the Islamic Council from 20 villages in Dashtestan city who were interviewed in person and virtually using in-depth semi-structured interviews to better identify and assess the environmental challenges interviewed. Were located. The duration of the interviews varied over 40 minutes. Informed consent was obtained from the participants in the study and the confidentiality of the participants and their anonymity in the findings were guaranteed. All information was recorded with the consent of the samples on cassette tape, then fully implemented and copied on paper.Basic theory technique or grounded theory as the method used in this research; Emphasizes study phenomena and creates both data and analysis from shared experiences and relationships with interviewees. Thus, the production of theory is through a systematic process by which theoretical concepts and insights are developed through the simultaneous collection and analysis of data. The main idea of this strategy is to theorize based on data from participants who have experienced the research process. In short, the researcher's interpretations of the data form his emerging codes in fundamental theory. Since the purpose of this study is to identify and investigate environmental challenges, grounded theory technique is a suitable method for the present study due to the creation of theory and the high power of this method in explaining. Also, the use of grounded theory is inevitable when there is little information about the field under study or when there is a new perspective on the field.The most important principle in the basic theory technique is the coding operation. This stage of the research is done in three stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Open coding: means that all data is returned to its original state. In open coding, as much as possible, code is created by examining line by line and then defining the actions or events within it. In the following, a suitable symbol or label is selected for each of the extracted key phrases and points. Axial coding: Axial coding is mainly open for continuous comparison and analysis of coding clusters to examine the process of logical internal communication between primary categories. In other words, it seeks to discover and construct an internal logical relationship between the primary category and the main category. Selective coding: Specifies the final themes. This stage is based on the meaning and logical relationship between the main categories, which mostly corrects the main category and creates a systematic theoretical framework of effective factors. Organizes and integrates categories and topics in a way that expresses a coherent understanding or theory of the phenomenon of study.

After conducting interviews and collecting information from the target community, they were reviewed, which resulted in identifying 61 concepts as challenges for rural managers in order to protect the environment in the study area. The most repetitive concepts were the most important environmental challenges from the perspective of the study community. Therefore, factors such as non-compliance with the culture of environmental protection, lack of cooperation of farmers, lack of information and awareness of residents on methods of separation and disposal of waste and household waste, lack of necessary and skilled manpower, change of agricultural land to residential and recreational areas, and waste disposal. Recognized by tourists in rural nature as the most important challenges facing rural managers in the field of environmental protection. Finally, the concepts of interviews based on the nature of paradigm model and 7 human mechanisms (28 code), cultural (9 code), physical (4 code), natural (6 code), financial and support (7 code), educational and Skill (3 code) and social (4 code) were placed.

Patient safety has become a very important issue in the promotion and improvement of health services in countries. Paying attention to patient safety is an important issue in providing hospital services and any shortcoming in it can have unfortunate consequences. The World Health Organization considers the culture of patient safety as a basic concept in the provision of clinical services and considers it as the most central key to providing quality and standard clinical and health services.Observance of safety principles in hospitals as one of the most important institutions providing health services is very important. One of the most important factors determining patient safety in hospitals is safety culture.The safety atmosphere is a multidimensional factor and is considered as an important precondition for safety in the workplace. Measuring the safety atmosphere can provide a complete picture of the safety situation and safety culture of the organization at a given time. By examining the safety atmosphere in different organizations, Zohr has determined the dimensions of the safety atmosphere, which are: management attitude towards safety, the effects of implementing safety instructions on promotion, work pressure, social status of individuals, observance of safety principles by the safety officer, The status of the safety committee, the importance of safety training and the risks in the workplace. The nature of safety atmosphere has similarities with safety culture, except that safety atmosphere is a psychological phenomenon and shows the attitude of employees about the safety situation in a cross-sectional manner and is dependent on environmental and situational factors and is temporary and local while Is also. While culture is resistant to change and embraces common values among all members of an organization at all levels.Nurses are one of the groups working in the hospital who perform important activities in the hospital. Stressful occupational nursing is a stressful profession with a high rate of accidents and occupational diseases. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nursing has the thirteenth highest accident rate in the United States. So that 8.7 occupational accidents occur per 100 full-time nurses annually and is classified as the seventh job in terms of loss of working days due to accidents. Nursing professional behavior is the observance of special standards in providing nursing care to patients in order to improve nursing performance. The nurse must apply the standards of professional conduct and professional principles inherent in the provision of care. Providing safe care based on professional principles can increase hospital productivity and possibly promote patient safety culture. Given that the safety atmosphere can be used as a preventive indicator to assess safety performance and the results obtained to improve the safety of the organization and since the safety atmosphere governing the attitude of nurses may affect the safety of patients, the study The aim was to determine the relationship between nurses' safety atmosphere and patient's safety culture in the hospital.

Due to the nature of the subject, the research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The study population in this study was nurses from different wards of hospitals in Isfahan, which was studied by census sampling. In this study, the Nordic Occupational Safety Inventory (NOSACQ) questionnaire was used to assess the nurses' safety climate and the Patient Safety Culture Hospital (HSOPSC) questionnaire was used to assess the perceptions of patient safety care providers. In addition to these two main questionnaires, using the demographic questionnaire containing questions to assess some variables such as age, gender, field and degree, occupation, type of employment, work experience in the hospital, work experience in the last unit,hours Weekly work, specialized work experience and type of work contact with patients, nurses' demographic characteristics were collected.The Nordic Occupational Safety Questionnaire (NOSACQ) was used to determine the status of safety atmosphere. This questionnaire was prepared by Danish experts and then used in the Nordic countries and has recently been used in several different European countries. The validity and reliability of the main questionnaire, which was in English, has been determined in the Nordic countries. The validity and reliability of this Persian version of this questionnaire has been determined in the study of Yousefi et al. [20]. This questionnaire contains 50 questions (items) by which people's attitudes and perceptions about the safety situation in the workplace will be determined and recorded. These questions cover 7 dimensions of safety climate, which include safety management ability and priority, safety management authority, safety management justice, workers' commitment to safety issues, risk acceptance and safety priority by workers, communication between colleagues And learning about safety issues and workers' confidence in the effectiveness of safety systems. Respondents to the questionnaire will announce their agreement with the questions raised in the 5 Likert series. The number 1 indicates a "strongly disagree" opinion and the number 5 indicates a "strongly agree" opinion. Some of the questions were designed in such a way that a completely opposite answer indicated a positive view of the safety situation.To evaluate nurses' perceptions of patient safety culture from safety culture hospital survey questionnairePatient (HSOPSC), developed by the American Agency for Research and Quality in Health (AHRQ) in 2004. This questionnaire consists of two parts, the first part contains demographic information and the second part asks questions about the 12dimensionsof patient safety culture in different dimensions, which are: general understanding of staff to patient safety, expectations and performance of the supervisor. Department in order to improve patient safety, organizational training or continuous improvement, teamwork within units, open and transparent communication, feedback and communication related to safety errors, non-punitive responses to errors, options related to staff workload, manager support Hospital's patient safety, cartilage between different hospital units, how the patient is transferred between wards and finally the frequency of reported accidents (42 questions in total). This questionnaire was scored using the Likert scale and the answers to the questions were scored with the options I completely agree (with a score of 5) to completely disagree (with a score of 1). In relation to questions that have a negative connotation, the scoring method is reversed so that I strongly agree with the lowest score (1) and strongly disagree with the highest score (5). To determine the status of safety culture in each dimension, the scores of the questions in each dimension will be added and divided by the number of questions in each dimension. And to get the general score of patient safety culture, the score of 42 questionnaire questions will be added together and then divided by the number of questions. The study by Moghari et al. Confirmed the validity and reliability of the Patient Safety Culture Questionnaire (HSOPSC) for work in Iran. Cronbach's alpha coefficient in this study was 0.86 SPSS.20 software and Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and regression were used to analyze the data.

The findings of the study showed that the patient's safety climate and safety culture had a moderate score among the nurses of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital. The above results indicate the fact that the nurses of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd need to receive correct and complete training on safety attitudes and patient safety culture. Therefore, it is recommended that periodic and in-service training be provided on safety attitudes as well as how to protect and take care of oneself to prevent accidents. The training provided will not only be effective in raising the level of awareness and attitude of employees towards safety attitude but also in improving the performance and care of patients and preventing accidents in themselves and other colleagues, thus increasing staff awareness (safety knowledge management). Improving the motivation system (encouragement and punishment), managing employee safety participation, creating balance in work and time (re-timing) and rooting out the causes of conflicts between safety and operational goals can be suggested to improve the attitude of employees to Safety and finally reducing the grounds for unsafe behaviors should be discussed.

One of the important foundations of industrial, economic and scientific life in the world is energy, which without life energy, especially in the industrial field, will face many problems. Experiences of recent decades show that with the increasing use of energy resources in the world and limited reserves of fossil fuels, the most important threats, waste and consumption of this variable is one of the main requirements for the proper use and consumption of energy resources. The growth of information and communication technology, rapid information exchange platforms, reducing transaction costs, increasing productivity and efficiency, have led to the emergence of views to support the idea that information and communication technology has the potential to reduce energy consumption without slowing economic growth. That information in the cycle of economic activities can play a role as an alternative input to energy. In other words, information causes the amount of energy consumption per unit of production to decrease or greater economic value to be created by consuming the same amount of energy). This approach raises the possibility of replacing information and energy, and states that these technologies can be used to store energy. Kelly (1999) believes that the added value created by ICT is usually due to human ideas and a small part of it is due to the use of materials and energy, so ICT changes economic structures and moves it from the use of materials and energy to non-physical inputs. And information. On the other hand, by changing the existing methods in the design, production, distribution and performance of various products, it increases efficiency and productivity in the use of resources and reduces damage to the environment (Fallahi et al., 2012). It should be noted that the impact of ICT and competitiveness on energy consumption is complex and has various aspects because ICT has direct and indirect effects and a reciprocal effect. Improving efficiency leads to lower energy costs, and this increase in cost-effectiveness due to cost savings may lead to more utilization of equipment and increase energy consumption. The impact of economic growth created by ICT and competitiveness may also increase energy consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of information technology and competitiveness index through testing the first hypothesis (information technology has a negative and significant effect on energy intensity) and the second hypothesis (the effect of competitiveness index has a negative and significant effect) on energy intensity. The organization of this research is as follows: in the next section, the theoretical foundations and empirical background of the research are discussed. After that, the method of researching and analyzing the data and performing the required tests will be done, and finally, conclusions and suggestions will be made.

The subject of the present study, due to its nature and the use of the results of documentary studies, is of the applied type and is classified as "semi-experimental" by "regression" method in terms of "data collection". This research is "descriptive" in terms of data collection method and "correlation" in terms of its type. Study period from 2011 to 2019 for 20 countries including: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Chile, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, India, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is considered the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eveiws software has also been used to test hypotheses and statistical analysis.

Dependent variable: Energy intensity: A measure to evaluate and measure energy efficiency in the economy, which is obtained by dividing the units of energy consumed by a unit of gross domestic product (GDP). Higher energy intensity means higher price or cost of converting energy into national production. On the other hand, lower energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost to convert energy into production in the economy (Manzoor and Ancestors, 2014).Independent variable, competitiveness: This index is a composite and weighted index that is presented in the form of three axes to assess the competitiveness of countries. These axes are: the level of meeting the basic requirements (which is the key to competitiveness of resource-based economies), the level of efficiency (which is the key to competing economies based on efficiency) and the level of innovation (which is the key to competing economies based on creativity). The indicators presented in each of the competitiveness axes do not affect competitiveness equally. Hence, the weights used for the indicators in one country are different from another and depend on the differences in the development stages. So that the first axis in relation to the basic requirements for countries that are in the early stages of their development have a high weight, while in developed countries, it has a low weight. Therefore, in order to find the weight of the axes, it is necessary to classify countries based on the stages of development. Are considered as resources) and countries are divided into three categories according to the table below. Mania (static) of variables: To avoid false regression, it is necessary to test the mania of variables. Because if the variables are not meaningful, they cause false regression. If the studied variables are constant, the estimates will not have the problem of artificial regression. In this section, first the root test of the panel data unit is performed, then the co-integration tests are used. In this study, Levin, Lin-Chou test was used to test the significance or reliability of variables. Given that the significance level of Levin-Lin-Chou test was less than 0.05 for all research variables, it can be said that the research variables are constant, so given the variability of the variables in regression analysis, there will be no problem of false regression. Had.

This study aims to investigate the impact of information technology and competitiveness on the intensity of energy consumption in 20 selected countries between 2010 and 2019, the data of which were collected based on reports from the World Bank and .... It was found that the research variables are meaningful, so given the meaning of the variables in regression analysis, there will be no problem of creating false regression. According to Levin's test, Lin-Chu confirmed the stability of the data used in the research before estimating the research models to test the significance of the variables. Despite this, in order to be more reliable and to obtain more validity of the model estimation results, the co-integration of the mentioned variables was also examined. In both models, it can be said that at the level of 99% confidence, the null hypothesis of the test based on the non-co-accumulation of variables is rejected and the variables are co-accumulated in the long run and there is a long-term relationship between them. It is in the long run. Jark's statistic also indicated that the research data was normal to indicate that the research data was abnormal, so Johnson's conversion method was used to normalize the dependent variables. After conversion, the significance level indicates the normality of the distribution of dependent variables. Also, the results of F-Limer test for research models show that the panel regression method is suitable for estimating research models with these data. Hausman test is used to determine the fixed and random effect. Based on the results of Hausman test, the panel method with random effects was used for the first model and the panel method with fixed effects was used to estimate the second regression model.

The food industry has always faced stiff competition, and managers are striving to respond to this stiff competition in order to create advantages in sales. Branding and creating a successful brand is one of the ways to create this advantage. In Iran, too, the food industry is considered as one of the most important and influential industries on the economy, which will undoubtedly face many changes with the globalization of the economy and increasing competitiveness. Green food industry is very important in this regard due to its health-oriented and attention to environmental issues. Green brand loyalty can have a huge impact on a company's success. Profitability is the primary goal of any organization and customer loyalty to the brand is one of the means to achieve this goal. Brands help companies develop loyalty by providing key points of difference between competing areas, and brand managers examine the dimensions of related and unrelated products in order to build and maintain brand loyalty. . Therefore, managers strive to create a desirable, strong and unique brand in the minds of customers; Therefore, brand management and loyalty to it is necessary to gain a competitive advantage, especially in the Iranian food industry, and recognizing the factors affecting customer loyalty to the brand is an issue that must be carefully considered. In this regard, researchers have identified and proven different factors based on the criteria introduced to measure brand loyalty. Research in this field indicates that factors such as brand trust, brand social value, perceived quality, brand innovation and brand communication identity affect brand loyalty. In fact, brand loyalty is a deep commitment to constantly repurchase a product / service or to encourage future purchases, and this commitment is the result of the customer's mental evaluations. In this way, if a consumer perceives the brand with quality and has confidence in the brand and is willing to rely on the capabilities of the brand, he will commit to repurchase the brand. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of innovation and the identity of green brand communication on brand loyalty. This study also seeks to investigate the mediating role of brand trust, perceived brand quality and social value of the brand in this regard.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of method and causal. The statistical population of this study is green food industry consumers. Due to the high number of food industry customers according to Krejcie and Morgan table, the sample number is 384 people, but due to the fact that some questionnaires may not be returned or incomplete and unusable, finally 400 questionnaires by sampling method available in It was distributed among the customers of chain stores in Ardabil and 390 healthy and flawless questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire consisted of 32 closed questions. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through content and face validity. Thus, the questionnaire questions are standard and have formal validity. Also, after compiling the questions, the questionnaire was given to academic experts and food industry experts; Therefore, the validity of its content was also confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Thus, all the obtained values for the variables were above 0.7 and the validity was confirmed. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. First, using descriptive statistics, the demographic characteristics of the respondents are obtained, and then in inferential statistics, the relationships between variables are examined. Analysis of statistical data in this study was performed by Smart PLS3 software, the results of which are described below.

First, the measurement model was evaluated. Thus, the validity and reliability of the model were initially evaluated. Validity was assessed by convergent validity and divergent validity and reliability by factor loading and combined reliability. Convergent validity was assessed using extracted variance (AVE). Since the obtained values for all variables are higher than 0.5, convergent validity is confirmed. Divergent validity was examined by Fornell and Larker methods. Thus, the square root of AVE is compared with the correlation between latent variables. The value of the AVE root of all latent variables is greater than the correlation value between them, so it can be said that the divergent validity of the measurement models is confirmed. The reliability of the model was evaluated with two indices of factor loading and combined reliability. The acceptable value for the factor load is higher than 0.4 and the values of the factor loads less than 0.4 are removed from the next analysis. The factor load for each reagent in the model constructs was greater than 0.4, except for the first and second questions of brand loyalty, which were excluded from subsequent analyzes. Since all values are higher than 0.7, the combined reliability was also confirmed. The results showed that in green food industry, brand innovation has a positive and significant effect on brand trust, perceived brand quality and brand loyalty. The effect of brand communication identity on brand trust, social value, perceived brand quality and brand loyalty was also confirmed. Brand trust and perceived brand quality also have a positive effect on loyalty. According to the obtained results, it is suggested that companies active in the green food industry, while evaluating their ability to present innovative products to the market, also upgrade them. This can be done with the help of the R&D unit by evaluating market performance and analyzing customer demand. This study studied the effect of brand innovation and brand communication identity on brand loyalty and in this effect, the mediating role of brand trust, brand social value and perceived brand quality was investigated. It seems that other variables such as brand satisfaction and brand image can play a mediating role in this regard, so it is suggested that future research examine the mediating role of these variables in the current model. Also, considering the conduct of this research among domestic exporting companies and among domestic consumers, it is suggested that further research, while entering other industries, also evaluate foreign companies. Also, considering the development of social networks and its role in today's businesses, it is suggested that the model of this research be evaluated among consumers in cyberspace, and in the meantime, the role of variables such as word of mouth and electronic advertising and company activity in social networks should be evaluated.

At the present study, the maturity and stability of composted municipal solid wastes at a biocompost plant was evaluated by Monitor of the important parameters of the leachate and how it changes to predict the performance and efficiency of the treatment plant, is necessary. The aim of this study was to monitor the changes in EC, COD, pH and TSS parameters in raw leachate of municipal waste by considering the possibility of leachate treatment at 5 stations (raw leachate, anesthesia unit, primary aeration, secondary aeration and final output) of the compost plant. Gorgan's Aq Qala was in different seasons of the year. For this purpose, 135 sampling times were performed in 1258 days from 2016 to 2020, and the changes of the mentioned parameters were investigated. The results of comparing the average EC concentration of raw leachate and output yielded 67.7% elimination efficiency, and the refinery's anaerobic reactor continued to operate without any problems, despite the high EC. The results of comparing the average TSS in the raw leachate and output unit with the elimination efficiency were 97.5%. The mean COD results in raw leachate and outflow units showed a 99% elimination efficiency and the best efficiency was obtained in the final and late fall outflows, which was related to ambient temperature and optimal bacterial activity. The results of the mean pH in the raw leachate unit and output showed high efficiency and optimal performance equal to 99.7, which reached its lowest value in the first half of spring in order to reduce the alkalinity of raw leachate. The anaerobic reactor station had the best efficiency among the measuring stations.Waste leachate has a high pollution load, and its leakage and expansion with groundwater or porous environment causes the transfer of pollution parameters in the underground environment. Due to the different physicochemical and biological nature of waste, it is necessary to measure and analyze its important parameters and how it changes throughout the year to predict the performance and efficiency of the treatment plant. In this study, the results of a study of 4 important pollution parameters during 1258 days in 135 measurements showed that the highest average decrease for all tested parameters among the measuring stations was obtained in the anaerobic unit. flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor has been successfully implemented to treat wastewater in ourneighboringcountry, India for more than 20 years and its performance was found to be satisfactory (KUET, Khulna, 2020). The anaerobic reactor, primary and secondary aeration unit, represents the concentration changes in a favorable decreasing trend and shows the optimal performance of the aeration units along with the anaerobic reactor (UASB) in reducing and adjusting the concentration of the studied parameters the application of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by a self-aerated sponge (SAS) unit as a combined system for the treatment of hazardous landfill leachate (HLL) for 310 days. The removal efficiencies of the integrated UASB/SAS system were 34.5–59.2% for COD total, Issa Alabiad et al,2017). . The aeration units led the concentration changes to a slope reduction, and the results showed the efficiency of the treatment process over a period of 4 years. The chart of changes in the COD parameter of raw leachate in anaerobic reactor, primary aeration, secondary aeration and output compared to raw leachate (input) has decreased, but this decrease was much less in primary and secondary aeration units. It seems that the bacterial population in the years after operation, has undergone an optimal process and environmental reactions such as temperature shock and various concentrations in terms of organic pollution load despite the increase in COD concentration in raw leachate, over time They have been less involved in refinery treatment activities. The best results were obtained in late autumn at the final output, which was related to the ambient temperature corresponding to the optimal operating temperature of the bacteria (temperature 18 to 25 O C). Comparing the average COD in the raw leachate unit and the output leachate with the average yield yield was 99%. The average salinity changes during this period were reduced for 5 stations in the treatment plant treatment process, so that in the output unit a relative stability and relative stability of the untreated leachate was observed. Overall results in the 4-year period showed that despite the relative increase in concentration in raw leachate up to the third year, still the best desired result in all stations in the third year and especially in the fourth year, more favorable result in 4 treatment plants from anaerobic reactor to the final output was very noticeable. The EC changes in raw and outlet leachate were accompanied by very large changes due to heavy precipitation during the rainy season. The average efficiency of the system salinity removal concentration was calculated to be 67.7%. The average concentration for leachate was the final output with the maximum concentration having the maximum, minimum in the middle of summer and the first half of spring, respectively, which was due to changes in ambient temperature and bacterial population. The anaerobic reactor was able to withstand environmental shocks and pollutant changes throughout the year and adapt over time.( In this treatment plant, anaerobic reactor unit showed the best performance and was able to adapt with high concentrations of TSS and EC)( Rashidi et al. 2014).In monitoring TSS changes, raw leachate and output both showed a significant slope reduction chart, indicating an acceptable yield of 91% removal and optimal performance in anaerobic reactors and an average removal efficiency of 97.5% for the entire system. The lowest concentrations of TSS were obtained in the first half of summer and the highest concentrations in late winter, which are related to the bacterial population and the temperature inside the treatment plant. the lowest efficiency was achieved in Summer and late winter, which was related to the temperature and bacterial population. ( Rashidi et al. 2014). The results of the study of pH changes showed that the average in the anaerobic unit compared to the inlet leachate is very small, which indicates the control of environmental conditions and consequently the correct guidance in this time period studied. The pH changes in different seasons of the year in the treatment plants were highly related to the ambient temperature and the quality of the leachate produced in each season. The raw pH of leachate seems to be the highest in winter and the lowest in late summer, which is related to the high consumption of fruits and vegetables in people's diets during the summer. The pH concentration of leachate in the anaerobic unit reached its maximum in late summer with peak heat and in winter to the lowest, and the pH concentration in the primary aeration unit reached its lowest level in mid-autumn, which could be related to bacterial population and ambient temperature shock. Be. Therefore, to compensate for this, by increasing the population of bacteria in the winter in the anaerobic unit and by feeding it with animal manure and compost, which is one month away from the process, improve the treatment process and consequently increase the efficiency of the treatment plant in the cold season, was obtained.

Output waste control according to the standards of the Environmental Protection Agency is one of the most important commitments of industrial units, including the ethylene dichloride plant of Bandar IMAM Petrochemical Company. In this research, which was carried out from March 2017 to August 2018, we tried to reduce the amount of COD of the effluent as much as possible by increasing the efficiency of the process factors affecting the final result and with the least hardware changes in the existing operating process. For this purpose, at the beginning of the project, the amount of contamination in the existing state was determined by measuring the main parameters of the wastewater (pH, COD, TSS, OIL, EDC). Corrective actions were then carried out based on changes in operating conditions and with existing equipment, and were implemented in different stages.The final result showed that the average amount of COD in the outlet stream from the wastewater treatment system, which at the beginning of the study was 305 mg / L, was reduced to 140 mg / L (54% reduction), the reduction of other parameters was 33% for EDC, 23% for TSS, 25% for wastewater. Also, the PH and OIL parameters also have no effect on the yield and process efficiency. Proposals have been introduced to increase the efficiency of the effluent treatment system, which include setting up the flow of preheater converter into the purification tower (currently out of service).

Wetlands are ecologically essential as a result of their hydrologic characteristics and their roles as an ecotone amongst terrestrials and aquatic ecosystems, which are exposed to stressors and risks by anthropogenic activities. Ecological risk assessment has been distinguished as a superior tool to categorize and prioritize risks caused by stressors and has globally developed a broadly acknowledged procedure for monitoring and managing wetlands. This study applied a hybridized and tiered method to assessing risks in combined with MIKE 21 computerized model and geographic information system for simulating and zoning risks on the Boujagh Wetland area that is located in the Southwest of the Caspian Sea shoreline and the north of Iran, as a case study. In the last step, mitigation measures have been presented by the pressure-Status-Response method, based on the ecosystem approach. As result, risk levels in the study area were 29% very high, 42% high, 20% moderate, and 9% low. Very high and high risks were distinguished on the sensitive areas involving aquatic species breeding site, immigrant birds, shoreline, Sefidrood River delta, and habitats near to landfill. So, landfill, waste disposal, and wastewater discharging should be eliminated. Besides, the establishment of an organized management office in the area is necessary.